Attention

Question 1

What is an endogenous source

Answer 1

Stimuli in the mind, intentional, and “top-down”

Question 2

What is an external target

Answer 2

Sensory info in the environment: a sensory modality, spatial location, feature or object

Question 3

What is an internal target

Answer 3

A mental representation in the mind: a memory, imagery, or plan

Question 4

What is overt attention

Answer 4

Involves actual movement of the sensory surface: moving the eyes

Question 5

What is covert attention

Answer 5

Does not involve actual movement

Question 6

What is transient attention

Answer 6

Momentary focus on something

Question 7

What is sustained focus

Answer 7

Prolonged focus on something (more than a glance, maybe a few minutes)

Question 8

What is the early selection model of attention

Answer 8

Low-level gating mechanism to filter out irrelevant information before completion of sensory and perceptual analysis

Question 9

What is the late model of attention

Answer 9

All stimuli are processed through perceptual and sensory processing before any selection occurs

Question 10

What are the 3 ERP response phases to a brief tone stimulus

Answer 10

1. Brainstem evoked responses evoked in auditory brainstem nuclei
2. Early cortical mid latency responses in primary auditory cortex
3. Low frequency late waves (higher-order) in secondary and association auditory cortices

Question 11

Attending to the left side of visual stimuli will cause increase in which side of the occipital cortex

Answer 11

The right side

Question 12

What is biased competition

Answer 12

When multiple stimuli are presented in the visual field, their cortical representation in the temporal lobe compete to inhibit one another

Question 13

What is reentrant processing

Answer 13

Attention related activity returns to the same low level sensory areas that were initially activated

Question 14

What is the lateral occipital lobe involved in

Answer 14

The analysis of visual objects

Question 15

What is supramodal attention

Answer 15

Cognitive processes that are invoked jointly across modalities

Question 16

What is multisensory integration

Answer 16

The brain’s tendency to link simultaneously occurring stimuli from different modalities into a multisensory object

Question 17

A lesion to what area most commonly causes attention deficit

Answer 17

The right inferior parietal lobe

Question 18

What is an exogenous source

Answer 18

Stimuli that is in the environment, reflexive, automatic, and “bottom-up”

Question 19

What is Balint’s Syndrome

Answer 19

Simultanagnosia: patients can attend to one or more object “part” or quality, but only when the parts are embodied on the same object

Question 20

In what areas does voluntary orientation of attention increase activity

Answer 20

Frontoparietal network, the insular cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 21

Initial general processing and interpretation of a cue occurs in which portion of the frontopatietal network

Answer 21

The lateral portions

Question 22

Where is the lateral intraparietal area located in the Intraparietal sulcus

Answer 22

The LIP is in the IPS in the frontal eye fields in the dorsal Frontal cortex

Question 23

What’s does LIP neurons firing implicate

Answer 23

The planning and covert movement of the eyes to a target spatial location

Question 24

What is the key determinant to LIP enhanced activity

Answer 24

Stimulus salience: how much it stands out

Question 25

What is the premotor theory of attention

Answer 25

Shifts of attention and preparation of goal directed action are closely linked because they’re both controlled by shared sensory-motor mechanisms

Question 26

What is preparatory bias

Answer 26

Increased activity in the visual cortex without any stimulus yet due to top-down neural signals from frontopatietal network

Question 27

What is the function of the temporoparietal junction

Answer 27

Triggering of stimulus driven shifts of spatial attention

Question 28

What is Treisman’s feature integration theory

Answer 28

It conceptualizes the perceptual system as being organized as a set of feature maps

Question 29

How are individual features processed in a feature search

Answer 29

Rapidly, in parallel, and number of distracters is irrelevant for pop out stimuli

Question 30

How are conjunction features processed

Answer 30

Slowly, serially, and number of distracters matters

Question 31

How are the 2 main systems of cortical control of attention divided

Answer 31

Endogenous attention: intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex
Exogenous attention: temporoparietal junction and ventral frontal cortex

Question 32

What performance is the dorsal frontopatietal network related to

Answer 32

Behavioural performance

Question 33

Which cortex is a key player in general control of keeping track of goals and coordinating processes of other brain areas

Answer 33

The frontal cortex

Question 34

Stimulating which brain regions cause wakefulness

Answer 34

Neurons of the midbrain and pons

Question 35

What are the 2 streams that higher-order visual processing is divided into

Answer 35

Ventral running to the temporal lobe (what pathway) and dorsal for stimulus location (where pathway)

Question 36

Where is the activity seen of blindsight patients

Answer 36

Extrastriate regions past the primary visual cortex