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Neuroscience > Motor System > Flashcards

Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

Leadpipe + tremor causes a series of “catches”

A

cogwheel rigidity

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2
Q

what are the 2 most commonly used medications to decrease spasticity?

A

baclofen and Botox

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3
Q

what is produced when lack of UMN control allows activation of abnormal reflex activity in spinal cord?

A

clonus

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4
Q

what are 3 effects of interrupted LMN signals?

A

Loss of reflexes – Atrophy – Flaccidity/hypotonia

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5
Q

When a paretic muscle is slowly and passively stretched, resistance drops at a specific point in the ROM

A

clasp-knife response

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6
Q

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: loss of LMN input to skeletal muscles

A

flaccidity

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7
Q

Abnormal, PROLONGED shortening of soft tissue (not just muscle)

A

contractures

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8
Q

complete loss of muscle tone

A

flaccidity

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9
Q

velocity-dependent increase in resistance to stretch

A

spasticity

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10
Q

How muscle resists during passive stretch: less than normal resistance

A

hypotonia

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11
Q

what muscle tone disorder occurs with basal ganglia disorders and severe lesions affecting the midbrain or structures above the midbrain?

A

rigidity

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12
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: more marked increase in muscle tone through most of ROM, but the affected part is easily moved?

A

2

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13
Q

what assessment measures spasticity?

A

Modified Ashworth Scale

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14
Q

The ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles (essential for hand function)

A

fractionation of movement

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15
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: no increase in muscle tone?

A

0

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16
Q

which treatment for spasticity prevents LMN from releasing ACh?

A

Botox

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17
Q

abnormally low muscular resistance to passive stretch

A

hypotonia

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18
Q

basic unit of striated muscle tissue

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

when an action potential travels down a T tubule, what is released?

A

calcium

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20
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: affected part is rigid in flexion or extension (abduction or adduction)

A

4

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21
Q

what muscle tone disorder occurs with LMN disorders, severe spina bifida, floppy infant syndrome?

A

flaccidity

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22
Q

These lesions are caused by: Spinal cord injury, spastic CP, MS, stroke

A

UMN lesions

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23
Q

If testing a muscle that primarily extends a joint, place the joint in a maximally _______ position and move to a position of maximal ________ over one second

A

extended; flexion

24
Q

If testing a muscle that primarily flexes a joint, place the joint in a maximally ________ position and move to a postion of maximal _________ over one second

A

flexed; extension

25
Q

These lesions are caused by: Trauma, infection, degenerative or vascular disorders, tumors

A

LMN lesions

26
Q

where would an implanted pump deliver baclofen?

A

subarachnoid space

27
Q

what muscle tone disorder occurs with developmental disorders (trisomy 21, CP), temporarily following UMN lesions during neural shock, and LMN disorders?

A

hypotonia

28
Q

what generally causes loss of fractionation of movement?

A

UMN lesions: Damage to lateral corticospinal tract

29
Q

When healthy innervated muscle is continuously immobilized in a shortened position for a prolonged period, what disappear from the ends of myofibrils?

A

sarcomeres

30
Q

what muscle tone disorder occurs with chronic UMN lesions, TBI, MS?

A

spasticity

31
Q

what are 4 effects of UMN lesions?

A

Paresis/Paralysis – Loss of fractionation of movement – Abnormal reflexes – Hypertonia

32
Q

what causes the LMN excessive excitability that leads to spasticity?

A

Absence of corticospinal inhibition to LMNs

33
Q

what substance connects the M and Z lines of a muscle fiber, keeping the muscle from being pulled apart?

A

titin

34
Q

lack of reciprocal inhibition (simultaneous firing of antagonist and agonist muscles)

A

co-contraction

35
Q

clasp-knife response is associated with what kind of lesion?

A

UMN lesion

36
Q

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: decreased descending facilitation resulting in fewer weak actin-myosin bonds, excessive muscle length, decreased LMN input to skeletal muscles

A

hypotonia

37
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of ROM?

A

1+

38
Q

How muscle resists during passive stretch: no resistance

A

flaccidity

39
Q

where are the cell bodies for LMNs?

A

brainstem or spinal cord

40
Q

How muscle resists during passive stretch: excess resistance that increases with movement

A

spasticity

41
Q

which spasticity medication causes inhibition in spinal cord stretch reflex pathways (CNS depressant)?

A

baclofen

42
Q

resistance to stretch present throughout entire ROM

A

lead pipe rigidity

43
Q

How muscle resists during passive stretch: excess resistance that does not change with speed of stretch

A

rigidity

44
Q

projections that go from superficial to deep into the muscle

A

Transverse tubules

45
Q

velocity-independent increase in resistance to stretch

A

rigidity

46
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at the end of ROM?

A

1

47
Q

When an action potential is generated from a LMN, what is released?

A

Ach

48
Q

On the MAS, what number represents: considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement is difficult?

A

3

49
Q

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: direct UMN facilitation of alpha motor neurons

A

rigidity

50
Q

what synapses with motor end plates on muscle fibers?

A

LMNs

51
Q

a group of sacs of calcium adjacent to every T tubule

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

52
Q

Involuntary, repeated rhythmic contractions of a single muscle group

A

clonus

53
Q

clonus is associated with what kind of lesions?

A

UMN lesions

54
Q

the inhibition of antagonist muscles during agonist contraction

A

reciprocal inhibition

55
Q

Coordinated muscular action

A

muscle synergies

56
Q

what is the membrane called that covers skeletal muscle?

A

sarcolemma

57
Q

this mechanism is behind which muscle tone disorder?: neuromuscular overactivity, contracture, weak actin-myosin bonds

A

spasticity

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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