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Motor control SPEX202 > Motor Learning (Unit 2) > Flashcards

Motor Learning (Unit 2) Flashcards

1
Q

How are neural networks are reorganised?

A
  1. Synaptic Pruning
  2. Long-term potentiation
  3. Myelination
  4. Selective inhibition
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2
Q

What does there is an abundance or redundancy of DoF mean?

A

There are more degrees of freedom than are strictly necessary to perform a given task

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3
Q

What is freezing the DoF?

A

Restrict joints RoM to relieve control problems –> this compromises fluidity of energy transfer

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4
Q

What is skilled movement?

A

generate internal energy & exploit the environmental energy

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5
Q

What is Fitt’s & Posner’s 3 stage model of learning?

A
  1. Cognitive: trail & error, inefficient
  2. Motor: coordinated, adaptable, less errors & more relaxed
  3. Skilled: automatic, fluid, accurate, consistent
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6
Q

What are Gentile’s learning stages?

A
  1. Getting the idea of the movement (understanding basic co-ordination & distinguishing regulatory & non-regulatory conditions)
  2. Fixation: closed skill; goal = consistency
  3. Diversification: open skills; goal = adaptable
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7
Q

Performance improvement is a better indicator if combined with ____, _____, _____ & _____.

A

Consistency, persistency, coordination & stability

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8
Q

what are the indicators of motor learning?

A

performance improvement
Consistency/ stability
persistence
effort (need to put more effort to perform at high standards)
Attention (quiet eye; gaze fixation changes)
Adaptability

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9
Q

Learning is a result of permanent change so we must observe over a ______ period?

A

Long

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of performance curves?

A
  1. Negative accelerating (most common: initial fast then plateau)
  2. Linear (rare -> gradual; incremental improvements)
  3. Positively accelerating (plateau followed by sudden acceleration)
  4. S-shaped (hard to improve; sudden improvement; plateau)
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11
Q

What are the 3 limitations of performance curves?

A
  1. . Performance does not always indicate that learning has occurred
  2. Performance curves may mask learning effects if there are no observable differences when learning improvements
  3. Performance provides a limited perspective due to averaging effect
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12
Q

Best way to measure if learning has occurred?

A

retention test:
Difference of score (Difference between end of learning & beginning of retention test)
Percentage test (amount of loss relative to amount of improvement in original

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of transfer?

A
  1. Horizontal: broad application to similiar tasks

2. Vertical: applied to more complex tasks

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14
Q

What is the identical elements theory?

A

More identical elements = greater positive transfer

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15
Q

What is transfer-appropriate processing theory?

A

Practice conditions require learners to engage in problem-solving processes similar to those experienced during the criterion task

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16
Q

What are the differences between motor abilities & skilfulness?

A

+ abilities = genetically determined & learned movement attributes

+ skills: learnt attributes (perception, decision making & action)

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17
Q

What are critical periods of development?

A

A period where we must be exposed to a favourable environment to learn skills , otherwise they are hard to learn as there are periods where neuroplasticity is much higher

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18
Q

Sensitive Period:

A

the effects of experience on the brain is particularly strong

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19
Q

What is intrinsic dynamics?

A

the preferred states of the system given its current architecture & previous history of activity

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20
Q

Why do we move differently?

A

Due tothe interaction between constraints (Intrinsic dynamics, task demands & the environment)

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21
Q

What is “Noise in the System”?

A

Movement variability

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22
Q

What are the causes of movement variability?

A

+ Firing rate of motor units
+ internal resistance of joints
+ interaction of agonist/ antagonist muscles
+ context conditioned variability (relationship between muscle excitation & task demand; changes context for following movements
+ task & environmental constraints

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23
Q

How is movement variability useful?

A

helps move around different environments in different ways evolved to exploit degeneracy

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24
Q

What are the implications of movement preferences?

A

+ work with individual differences
+ need to be aware of sensitive periods
+ help encourage informal play
+ can be used for talent identification & development

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25
Q

What is the information processing model?

A

Motor commands are represented & stores in CNS as a motor programme

Input -> perception -> decision making -> execution -> feedback

(cognitive approach & Schema theory)

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26
Q

What is the indirect perception/ Cognitive approach to information processing?

A

Need experience to construct meaning from senseless information, make a decision & act.

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27
Q

What is some evidence of indirect perception/ cognitive approach

A

Visual illusions

use background context to inform decision which fools the brain

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28
Q

What is Schema theory?

A

Key movement parameters (muscle selection, overall duration & overall force are modified for generalised motor programmes which have invariant features (sequence, relative timing & relative force)

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29
Q

What are Neurocomputational theories?

A

Specific Brain regions are linked to specific functions so more complex programming is required for messy environments

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30
Q

What is the ecological perspective of motor learning?

A

+ actions are determined by internal goals, capabilities & available energy
+ includes Direct perception & dynamical systems approach

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31
Q

What is the direct perception approach?

A

Perception = Action
Energy transformations specify environmental properties & events
(for example use expansion of an object to determine time-to-contact)

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32
Q

What is Dynamical Systems Theory?

A

Characterises movement as a self-organising process with an attractor, control parameter, rate limiter & phase shift

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33
Q

What is a constraints led approach?

A

Constraints interact to shape behaviour emergence

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34
Q

Cognitive Approaches are ___ ___, body is controlled by the brain, information is processes & the motor programme is selected.

A

Top Down

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35
Q

Ecological approaches are ______ ____, as the individual and environment are a dynamical, interacting system

A

Bottom Up

36
Q

What are affordances?

A

Individual-specific Opportunities for action within the environment

37
Q

What are some characteristics of skilled decision makers?

A

More efficient visual search

consider less options & use heuristics

38
Q

What are the differences between direct & indirect perception?

A
  1. In direct perception higher order variables specify action
  2. In indirect perception complex decisions are needed
39
Q

What is some evidence of coupling between perception & action?

A
  1. Practice influences eye movement & movement patterns
  2. Postural sway is closely linked to visual info
  3. Can calculate Tau from object size
  4. Variability diminishes with time in table tennos
40
Q

What are practical implications of perception-action coupling?

A

Partial practice/ Task decomposition can cause poor perception of the environment
It provides reasons for using a representative learning design

41
Q

How long does short term memory store information for?

A

20-30s

42
Q

What is the role of working memory?

A

Temporarily stores recently presented material & retrieves information from the long term memory to influence problem solving, decision making & movement production

43
Q

What is the information processing model of memory?

A

c

44
Q

What is the information processing model of memory?

A
  1. Sensory input –> sensory memory (in no recollection – unattended info lost)
  2. Attended info is sent to short term memory (audio/ visual info memory processed through phonological loop & visual spatial sketchpad) 
  3. this interacts w central executive to see if info needs to be rehearsed (if not it is lost)
  4. Short term memory transferred to long term memory (Procedural memory (how we perform movements); semantic memory; episodic memory )
45
Q

What are the advantageous of chunking?

A
  1. helps overcome limitations of working memory & helps humans memorise sequences
46
Q

What are some mechanical constraints on action?

A 
1. Anatomical limb position
 \+Level of relaxation
 \+velocity
 \+Context-dependant variability
 \+ torque moment
2. Mechanical properties
 \+ DoF
 \+ viscoelasticity
3. Joint planes of motion
47
Q

Ecologicaal dynamics portrays skills as ______ _____

A

Functional relationships

48
Q

What is representative learning design?

A

Where the practice environment mimics the performance context

49
Q

What is repetition without repetition?

A

Practicing adapting to subtle constraint changes

50
Q

What is traditional PE dominated by?

A

Technique ->

Correct demonstration, skill isolation, no context, task decomposition, repetition

51
Q

What are the disadvantageous of skill/ task isolation?

A

doesn’t encourage when & why to use skills

= poorer motor skills; poorer transfer; less understanding; limited motivation

52
Q

Why is a technique dominated approach used in PE?

A

+ teaching a large group of children 20-30 children (hard to control group)
+ safety (discovery learning in large groups increase injury risk)
+ ensures everyone’s engaged

53
Q

What are the 4 types of constraint Influences?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
  3. Emergent
  4. Decaying
54
Q

What is Teaching Games for Understanding?

A

Learn via modified games (this teaches tactics before technique & puts the learner at the model’s centre)

55
Q

What are the main advantageous of TGfU

A

+Encourages questioning & problem solving
+Promotes Active Learning
+No ‘correct’ way to move/ fixed method
+Children engage better
+ better skill transfer
+ games help develop social skills & cooperation

56
Q

What are the similarities between TGFU & CLA?

A

+ both holistic
+ both embrace individual differences
+ Encourage “Hand-off” teaching
+ Practitioner designs learning environment

57
Q

What are the differences between TGFU & CLA?

A

TGfU promotes understanding, questioning &emphasises tactical principles
CLA focuses on skills progressions

58
Q

What are the challenged of TGFU?

A 
\+ more time consuming
\+ Better children get more benefits
\+ Challenging to control
\+ need to know the constraints WELL
\+ needs effective questioning
59
Q

What factors influence practice effectiveness?

A

+ Frequency & duration (quantity)
+ Content?
+ Organisations of skills
+ consolidation techniques

60
Q

Is sampling or specialising first recommended?

A

Sampling first is recommended

61
Q

What changes occur with amount of practice?

A
  1. early improvement is rapid & improvements slows with time

2. Practice eventually plateaus (hard to improve further)

62
Q

What should we practice?

A

Practice should reflect performance environment as transfer can occur (identical elements theory)

63
Q

How do we determine the task difficulty?

A

Use Challenge point framework:

  • start with easy (plenty of information, instruction & assistive devices)
    - when becomes easy (remove instruction & assistive devices)
    - use gaph to decide difficulty of task & how much information to provide
64
Q

What is the issue with task decomposition?

A

May break perception-action couplings

65
Q

What type of practice increases retention & skill transfer?

A

Variable (younger have greater effect)

66
Q

What is contextual Interference?

A

Practice Organisation

67
Q

High contextual interference is _______; Low contextual interference is __________

A

Randomised; Repetitive

68
Q

What are the two types of practice distribution?

A

Massed practice: longer & high frequency

Distributed practice: shorter and lower frequency

69
Q

Massed practice accelerates performance however it causes _____?

A

Fatigue
reduced cognitive effort
Less time for memory consolidation

70
Q

Distributed practice facilitates _____ _____

A

Skill relearning

71
Q

What is the most effective post-practice consolidation strategy?

A

Sleep 5-7h consolidates neural pathways

72
Q

Types of attention focus?

A

Wide, Narrow, external, Internal

73
Q

What are the 2 theories of attentional Capacity?

A
  1. Single-channel filter theories: tasks are accomplished in serial order (System can only process one task at a time)
  2. Multiple-resource theories: only tasks that require a common mechanism will be difficult to perform simultaneously
74
Q

What are the implications of selective attention?

A

filter out less relevant information & prioritise the most relevant

75
Q

What is attentional capacity critical to understanding?

A

Automaticity (allows attention to be allocated to other things)

76
Q

4 Types of attention?

A
  1. Internal broad (team game plan)
  2. Internal narrow (My Job)
  3. External broad (Phase of play)
  4. External narrow (The opposition)
77
Q

What characterises expert-like gaze behaviour?

A
  1. Efficient Visual Search: attention guided to target immediately
  2. Extended visual Span: process scene before using selective attention
  3. Selective attention: guided by long-term memory
78
Q

Is it more beneficial to focus internally or externally while practicing a skill?

A

Externally

79
Q

External focus becomes more beneficial with _____ ______.

A

Task difficulty

80
Q

What is in-attentional blindness?

A

selective attention causes players to miss key info in perceptual tasks with high cognitive demands

81
Q

Define emotion?

A

a mental state that arises spontaneously & is often accompanied by physiological changes (arousal)

82
Q

How is movement emotional?

A

+ movements are altered by emotion & allow expression

83
Q

What is the ‘Inconvenient truth” of emotions?

A

emotions have been viewed as irrational, instinctive, transient & negative detrimental constraints on behaviour so ignored

84
Q

What are the 2 research methods in movement science

A

Mechanistic:
+ humans compared to machines
+ deterministic modelling in biomechanics
+ individual differences downplayed

Reductionist:
+ naturally integrated processes separated
+ simplified laboratory movement tasks
+ emotions are too complex too account for

85
Q

How do we monitor emotions in motor learning?

A

Self report scales

Motor control SPEX202 (3 decks)

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