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Motor control SPEX202 > Motor control (unit 1) > Flashcards

Motor control (unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define motor control

A

The study of the neural, physical & behavioural aspects of human movement


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2
Q

Define Motor Learning

A

The study of the processes involved in the acquisition of a motor skill & the factors that enhance or inhibit an individuals capability to preform a motor skill


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3
Q

Define motor development

A

The study of the products & underlying processes of motor behaviour changes across the life span

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4
Q

What are the key issues in motor control?

A
  1. Degrees of freedom problem
  2. Serial order problem
  3. perceptual motor integration
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5
Q

What is the degrees of freedom problem?

A

How do we constrain degrees of freedom to produce coordinated movement; redundancy/ abundance


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6
Q

What is the Serial Order problem?

A

How do we sequence our time & movements appropriately

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7
Q

What is the issue of perceptual motor integration?

A
  1. How does perception influence behaviour?
  2. How does behaviour influence perception?
  3. Action slip: movement error in sequencing due to inattention
  4. coarticulation: accurate sequence + timing of movements in sequential tasks
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8
Q

how do we measure motor control?

A

Electromyography

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9
Q

What does electromyography show us?

A

movement patterns, amplitude of muscle activity & reaction time

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10
Q

What does the field of motor learning consider?

A
  1. how people acquire motor skills
  2. why do certain instructional procedures suit skills/ environments?
  3. What changes to performance might be observed when learning
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11
Q

What is coordination?

A

mastering the redundant degrees of freedom (movement possibilities of the musculoskeletal system)

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12
Q

coordination leads to ______, followed by____

as a result of….

A

control; skill; learning to refining those processes to move efficiently

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13
Q

How do we determine the number of degrees of freedom?

A

possible axes of rotation + directions of linear motion


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14
Q

What are affordances?

A

Opportunities for action within the environment

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15
Q

What are coordinative structures?

A

Functional relationships between parts of the motor system

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16
Q

What is redundancy?

A

There are meany different ways to achieve a task

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17
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of human movement?

A

Flexibility
Uniqueness
Consistency
Modifiable

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18
Q

What is flexibility (a characteristic of human movement)?

A

Being able to achieve the same goal in a variety of ways (recruit different muscles & limbs; employ different postures & movements)

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19
Q

What is the principle of motor equivalence?

A

Left matches right (i.e. handwriting is the same no matter what limb)

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20
Q

What is uniqueness (a characteristic of human movement)?

A

Movement patterns are not rigidly constructed
No two movements are performed in exactly the same way (even if perfectly executed (subtle changes in posture & movement)

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21
Q

What is consistency (a characteristic of human movement)?

A

Stability of timing & spatial features across performances of the same task (movement pattern remains similiar)


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22
Q

What is modifiability (a characteristic of human movement)?

A

The capability to alter movement patterns in an unstable environment (modify movement to meet the ball in a better position)

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23
Q

What are the problems with consistency?

A

+ can’t adapt quickly want to be consist but flexible to adapt to environment

+ leads to overuse of specific muscle; joints; ligaments

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24
Q

What are 3 types of movement?

A

Timing mechanism: cyclic/ continuous movements
Discrete Movements: clear beginning & end
Sequential movement: group of discrete skills that form a complex movement

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25
Q

What are some perceptual- integration problems?

A
  1. Perception & action linked
  2. movement has ballistic & corrective phase
  3. Movement influences perception (& vice-versa)
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26
Q

What are some solutions to the degrees of freedom problem?

A
  1. Development of muscle synergies
  2. Taking advantage of the mechanical properties of limbs
    
3. Comfort & efficiency: use as little energy as possible (easiest) -> choose the most comfortable (end-state comfort)
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27
Q

What is the difference between control & coordination?

A

Coordination: process of constraining the degrees of freedom into a unit/ movement pattern

Control: fine tuning + scaling of a movement into our desired movement (manipulation of a situation to meet demands)

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28
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid (has to be supported & make predictions that are explained in future observations) made from past predictions


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29
Q

What are some paradigm shifts in theories of motor control?

A

1875-1900: ideomotor: emotional driven idea of movement

1900-1960: How people behaved in different contexts

1950-1975: Cognitivism: human & information processing

1975+: Holism: integrate all information as a whole

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30
Q

What are reflex theories?

A

Muscle reflexes are the basis of all movements

  1. afferent + sensory information from the environment determine movement
  2. Focus on nervous system & how it triggers, coordinates & activates muscles
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31
Q

How do Reflex theories explain complex movements?

A

Response chaining/ reflex chaining: external stimulus leads to a movement; leads to another… (William James 1842-1910)

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32
Q

What are the limitations of reflex theories?

A

+ anticipatory movements do not require any afferent input to initiate (no environmental input) so not explained by reflex theory

+ Doesn’t explain open loop control (cant require afferent input/ top down control)

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33
Q

What are Hierarchial theories?

A

Movement can happen without afferent movement (CNS directs lower centres; controller in cerebral cortex) John Hughlings Jackson 1835-1911)

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34
Q

What is the evidence that supports hierarchal theories?

A
  1. Deafferation studies
    
2. Experiments of movements of different complexities (complexity increases reaction time)
    
3. Antagonist still fired even if movement was blocked (so planned in advance) (trying to slow down a movement that hasn’t even happened)
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35
Q

What is generalised motor programme control theory?

A

Movement control is hybrid
initial = ballistic (no feedback)
During: feedback integrated, movement slows

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36
Q

What is the difference between open & closed control loops?

A

Open loop: no feedback

Closed loop: feedback integrated

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37
Q

What are the two components that movement is stored as a generalised motor programme?

A 
Invariant parts (sequence; relative timing & relative forces)

Variable parts (absolute timing & force & muscle selection)
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38
Q

What is the evidence of generalised motor programme control theory?

A
  1. feedback does not affect movement output in the last 150ms (basic RT for a simple movement) can’t inhibit movement after

  2. Relative timing of gait does not change with speed

  3. Writing style is transferred no matter method
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39
Q

What are the limitations of generalised motor programme control theory?

A

Cannot explain how direct perception works
“Optical flow; Affordances; Time-to-contact”
Cannot explain self-organizing systems (Hystheresis)

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40
Q

Why is it easier for our systems to perform anti-phase movement?

A

Creates a synergy

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41
Q

What are dynamic system theories?

A

system is capable to self-organising (adopt preferred patterns of movement; more stable; can change patterns fairly abruptly)

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42
Q

What are ecological psychology?

A

Environmental limitations create spontaneous designs

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43
Q

What is Hick’s law?

A

RT increases with the number of choices

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44
Q

What is Fitt’s Law’s?

A

speed- accuracy trade off

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45
Q

What is simple reaction time?

A

Minimal temporal & event uncertainty (one stimulus, one response)

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46
Q

what is choice reaction time?

A

Greater event uncertainty (Multiple stimulants & multiple responses)

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47
Q

What is discrimination reaction time?

A

Select from more than 1 stimuli; only 1 response

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48
Q

What variables influence reaction time?

A

Age, experience, caffeine, alcohol, intensity of stimulus, stimulus motility, response selection (simple vs choice vs discrimination); complexity of movement (response programming); accuracy demands; neurological & genetic disorders, developmental disorders, movement amplitude, inertial characteristics, memory

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49
Q

what is reaction time?

A

the time between a stimulus & movement initiation

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50
Q

what is movement time?

A

the time between movement initiation & movement completion

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51
Q

What is response time?

A

Reaction time + movement time

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52
Q

Only the initiation is planned for movements that last more than ____ms?

A

500ms

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53
Q

What are kinematic measures/ measurements of motion?

A

+ displacement
+ velocity
+ acceleration
+ Jerk (change in acceleration over time)

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54
Q

What is kinematic measurement?

A

the study of geometry pattern, or form of motion with respect to time

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55
Q

What is electromyography?

A

electrical activity of nerves (measure relative magnitude, timing, duration of muscle contractions)

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56
Q

What is the difference between agonist & antagonist muscles?

A

Agonist generates the movement

Antagonist slows down the movement

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57
Q

What is the Triphasic pattern?

A

First agonist burst -> antagonist burst -> second agonist burst
(Initiate -> slow down -> clamping)

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58
Q

What does kinetics measure?

A

Force on a body

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59
Q

How do we quantify coordination?

A

Compare limb segments = angle-angle diagram

Meausre ROM; movement quality, intralimb & interlimb relationships; used for cyclic movements

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60
Q

What is a phase diagram?

A

Joint angle vs Joint velocity

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61
Q

What does deviation of performance with respect to the goal of the task tell us about ?

A

accuracy & consistency of performance

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62
Q

What is constant error?

A

average error of performance; represents magnitude of error

(if make the same error repeatedly cancel each out) -

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63
Q

What is variable error?

A

measure of spread

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64
Q

What are the steps of motor planning & execution?

A

input -> deciding to act -> response selection -> scaling/ fine tuning -> execution) -> Feedback -» repeat

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65
Q

Where does the decision to act occur?

A

limbic system (Includes amygdala, cingulate gyrus, parts of hypothalamus, hippocampus)

66
Q

what are the roles of the limbic system?

A

motivation, emotion, learning + memory, influences endocrine & autonomic nervous system (creates intent to act)

67
Q

What does a decision to perform a move depend on?

A

goal, abilities, tendencies, subconscious/ conscious desicions

68
Q

Where does response selection happen?

A

Association cortex

69
Q

What is the role of the association cortex?

A

integrates sensory & motor functions; association cortexes are near primary sensory cortex of the same type

70
Q

What is scaling & where does it occur?

A

What: selecting appropriate parameters (force; displacement; velocity; body segment; posture; muscle Groups) depending on input (environment/ body/ task goal)

Where: Projection system (Cerebrum: cerebral cortex (motor cortex; premotor cortex; supplementary motor area; parietal cortex); basal ganglia; cerebellum)

71
Q

What the cerebellums role in movement?

A

Significant role in timing & motor learning (activates in advance of EMG trace – indicates involvement in planning, timing, learning
Involved in regulation of muscle tone & coordination (shown damage to cerebellum leads to hypotonia & ataxia)

72
Q

What are the roles of the basal ganglia?

A

+ activation or retrieval of movement plans
+ scaling of movement parameters (velocity , amplitude, direction)
+ Movement preparation

73
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex?

A

trigger centre (controls muscle activity, force & direction) -> receives feedback from the movement it triggers

74
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

A

Controls proximal muscles: trunk & shoulders & coordinates anticipatory postural adjustments (adapts the body position for movement & prepares postural muscles to stabilise for movements)

75
Q

What is the supplementary motor area responsible for?

A

High level planning & production of complex movement sequences

76
Q

What is the role of the parietal cortex?

A

association between sight & sound, movement & sensory, consequence, etc…
(Damage is associated with apraxia & spatial neglect)

77
Q

What is the role of the brain stem?

A

Transports signals from spinal cord to brain; transport motor commands to spinal cord

78
Q

What causes muscles to contract

A

Acetylcholine being released by motor nerves

79
Q

What are the role of alpha motor neurons?

A

To innervate skeletal muscle & cause muscle contractions

80
Q

What % of neutrons cross the midline at the medulla?

A

75%

81
Q

What corcospinal tract do motor neurone that cross the medulla travel in?

A

Lateral

82
Q

What muscles do motor neurone in the lateral corticospinal tract control?

A

Distal muscles on the opposite side

83
Q

What do motor neurone that travel via the ventral corticospinal tract control?

A

Axial muscles on both sides of the body

84
Q

What is the major function of the vertebral column

A

Protection of the spinal cord

85
Q

What is the size principle

A

smaller more fatigue resistant motor units are recruited first (have lower thresholds)

86
Q

What is the path of an afferent nerve?

A

Takes sensory info from the skin through the dorsal root

87
Q

What is the path of efferent nerve

A

exits spinal cord via the dental root, taking information to muscles

88
Q

Define proprioception:

A

Info provided by the sensory receptors within muscles, tendons, joints & skin

89
Q

What is the role of muscle spindles?

A

Give feedback of length of muscle (muscle stretch)

90
Q

What are the role of 1a afferent neurons?

A

Neurons that carry information up to spinal column

91
Q

What are the role of gamma motorneurons?

A

Gamma motoneurons carry neural impulse from CM}NS to muscle spindles

92
Q

What do Golgi tendon Organ’s do?

A

Give feedback of tendon stretch

93
Q

What are Joint receptors?

A

Sensory endings in the joint; provide information of the joint angle

94
Q

What are the Cutaneous receptors?

A

receptors in skin that measure deformation

95
Q

What is the stretch reflex pathway?

A
  1. Muscle is stretched, muscle spindle fires
  2. Impulse from afferent neuron (1a) to spinal column
  3. 1a synapse on agonist motor neuron & antagonist inhibitory motor neuron
  4. Agonist Alpha MN is stimulated
    Antagonist muscle in inhibited
  5. muscle contracts, spindle organ stops firing
96
Q

What is the Golgi tendon reflex pathway?

A
  1. muscle contracts -> Golgi tendon organ dires
  2. Afferent neuron synapses into inhibitory interneuron
  3. Interneuron synapses onto a motor neuron
  4. inhibits agonist
97
Q

what is the role of the association cortex?

A

integrates functions, recognises & makes sense of & integrates response

98
Q

what are spinal reflex (long reflex loops)

A

subconscious adjustments in limb/ body position (40-80ms)

99
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

Disruption of coordination

100
Q

What is a sensation?

A

Physical stimulus registered by a sensory organ, which decode & create electrical signal (transduction)

101
Q

What is the threshold intensity dependant on?

A
  1. Location & surface area
  2. Activation threshold
  3. Frequency & spatial summation
  4. Sensory adaption
102
Q

What do interreceptors show?

A

State of internal organs

103
Q

What do proprioceptors show?

A

Information about our movements/ position, muscle receptors, joint receptors, cutaneous receptors & vestibular system

104
Q

What is sensory adaption?

A

Over time get used to stimulus & stop registering

105
Q

What do exteroceptors show us?

A

Info about the movement of objects in the environment

106
Q

What are joint receptors

A

sensory endings in the joint to provide info on the joint angle

107
Q

What are cutaneous receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors in the skin to measure deformation & give info about touch, pressure & displacement

108
Q

What is the role of the vestibular system?

A

Gives info about the balance & position of head triggered by linear & angular acceleration

109
Q

What is the vestibular system?

A

3 semicircular canals filled with liquid & hairs that give orientation in every direction

110
Q

How are signals sent in vestibular system?

A

Hair moving depolarises nerve

111
Q

What are otolithic organs?

A

Move on top of fluid membrane to help move hair (can detect 0.1 sec acceleration)

112
Q

What is vertigo caused by?

A

otolithic crystals getting stuck in canals & overstimulating hair cells

113
Q

What do gamma neurons do?

A

Send info to muscle spindles to desensitise to expected executed movements

114
Q

What is the pathway of a neural signal?

A

spinal nerves -> spinal column -> thalamus -> primary somatic-sensory cortex -> association area

115
Q

touch proprioceptors ______ & crossover at ________. This takes _____.

A

dorsal column pathway
Medulla
80-100ms

116
Q

Pain/ temp enter ____________ & cross __________. This takes _____

A

spinothalamic pathway
Immediately
1-40 ms

117
Q

What does damage to the dorsal pathway cause?

A

Loss of tactile discrimination & kinaesthetic sensation

118
Q

What does damage to the spinothalamic pathway cause?

A

Loss of Pain & Temp sensation

119
Q

What does the damage to thalamus cause?

A

Thalamic syndrome/ central pain syndrome

120
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Filters out irrelevant inputs & directs others to specific area in cortex

121
Q

What is the role of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Provides meaning

122
Q

What % of sensory info comes from vision?

A

80-90%

123
Q

What are the roles of vision in motor control?

A
  1. Monitor position of objects
  2. Maintain upright posture & navigation
  3. Evaluating performance quality
  4. Interact with/avoid objects
  5. Assist with motor prep
124
Q

What anatomical structures are involved in vision?

A 
\+ light
\+ retina
\+ transduction
\+ Electrical impulses
\+ Brain (visual cortex; occipital lobe)
125
Q

What are the role of rods?

A

Peripheral vision (very sensitive to light)

126
Q

What does the visual cortex respond to?

A

light/ dark edges, orientation, length & movement of edge

127
Q

What are the 5 types of eye movement?

A

Vestibular- ocular reflex: stabilises eye when head moves
Optokinetic reflex: maintains stable image on retina
Smooth pursuit: track slow moving objects in space
saccades: shift gaze between interest points
Vergence: brings objects of different depths into focus

128
Q

What is the ventral visual stream responsible for?

A

Object identification & recognition

129
Q

What is the dorsal visual stream responsible for?

A

Spatial awareness & Guided actions

130
Q

The temporal lobe receives the _______ visual stream and is responsible for perception

A

Ventral

131
Q

The Parietal lobe recieves the ________ visual stream and is responsible for action

A

Dorsal

132
Q

What is some evidence of perception-action coupling?

A

+ visual illusions decieve both perception & action
+ There is a positive association with the heaviness of an object & perception of the distance of a target
+ People with broad shoulders percieve doorways to be narrower

133
Q

What are the two physiological views of visual perception?

A
  1. Cognitive (indirect view)

2. Ecological (direct view)

134
Q

What is the cognitive (indirect view) of visual perception?

A

Visual info is only sensible by interference

135
Q

What is the ecological (direct view) of visual perception?

A

Perception & action are tightly coupled

136
Q

What roles does vision have in motor control

A
  1. Balance (soure of postural stability)
  2. Locomotion (optical flow uptake causes adjustments, prepares motor system for movement & feed forward role for vision)
  3. Interception of moving targets (time to contact variable –> Tau/T)
137
Q

How much time does visual feedback processing require?

A

215-250ms

138
Q

What is looming?

A

Increase in circumferences as an object approaches (directly proportional to T)

139
Q

What are 3 vision & movement disorders?

A
  1. Optic Ataxia: Hand movement accuracy to object impaired
  2. Visual agnosia: Object recognition impaired but grasp okay
  3. Hemiplegia: vision assists performance
140
Q

What is the goal of the visual system?

A

Object identification & location (give directional guidance)

141
Q

What is the goal of the gaze system?

A

To bring images onto the Retina (through eye & head movements)

142
Q

How can we measure eye movement?

A

Eye Tracking
+ light is directed to eye and the light reflection is recorded
+ eye rotation is extrapolated
+ from this we can deduce the direction of gaze

143
Q

What are fixations

A

Rest on a single object (within 3 deg for 100ms +)

144
Q

What are saccades

A

Rapid eye movement (no information picked up)

145
Q

What is smooth pursuit?

A

slower tracking eye movements

146
Q

Why do we track eye movement?

A
  1. Lab & Field testing
  2. Identify underlying mechanisms
  3. Practice history profiling, training interventions
147
Q

What is expert-like gaze behaviour?

A

Efficient Visual Search:

  1. Attention is guided to target immediately (rest of scene irrelevant)
  2. Extended Visual Span: Pre-attentive processing of the scene before selective attention is directed to specific locations
  3. Selective attention: guided by long term memory
148
Q

Experts have ____ & _____ fixations on relevant areas; _____ scattered gaze behaviour, identify ________ & extract info from _____ vision

A

less & longer
less
Task-relevant info
Peripehral

149
Q

Anxiety definition:

A

unpleasant psychological state in response to perceived stress/ threat

150
Q

Fear Definition:

A

increased arousal to a threatening stimulus (anxiety more enduring & undifferentiated)

151
Q

What are the three components of anxiety:

A
  1. Cognitive:
    Negative expectations & concerns about self, situation & consequences
  2. Somatic:
    Physiological response
  3. Behavioural:
    face tension, rapid speech, agitation, restlessness, jerky & inefficient movements
152
Q

Cognitive anxiety is experienced ____ before.

Somatic anxiety is experienced _____ before an event.

A

48hours, ~a couple hours

153
Q

What is choking under pressure?

A

Acute decrement in performance ability despite ability + motivation

154
Q

What are some causes of choking under pressure?

A
  1. evaluative udience
  2. rewards
  3. Competition
155
Q

What are the 2 attentional theories?

A
  1. Distraction theories
    + focus on task & worrying thoughts competing for attention
  2. Self-focus theories
    + un-automate movements
156
Q

What model are self focus theories based on?

A

learning model of skill acquisition:

  1. cognitive stages
  2. association stage
  3. Autonomous stage
157
Q

What is quiet eye an indicator of?

A

efficient visual attention control

158
Q

At what point do skilled athletes supress their vision?

A

When the ball occludes the target as all nessecary info is processed

159
Q

What is the quiet eye duration?

A

Portion of final fixation from onset to first observable movements of hands

160
Q

The quite eye is associated with _____ performance & ______ fixations before initiation

A

Better

Long

Motor control SPEX202 (3 decks)

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