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Motor control SPEX202 > Motor development (Unit 3) > Flashcards

Motor development (Unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 periods of Motor development?

A
  1. Precursor (1870 – 1928)
  2. Maturational period (1928- 1946)
  3. Normative/ descriptive period (1946 – 1970)
  4. Process Orientated (1970 – present)
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2
Q

What was the focus of the precursor developmental period?

A

Observed single children:

Focus on sequence of behavioural change (product) to form common sequence of development

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3
Q

What was the focus of the maturational period?

A

Observed multiple children to attempt to explain rate & order of development

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4
Q

What was the focus of the normative/ descriptive period?

A

Focus shifts to process & motor & cognitive development were separated (specifically strength + growth development)

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5
Q

What was the focus of the Process orientated period?

A

+ Dynamical systems approach started to shift thoughts around development; encouraging a bottom-up approach

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6
Q

Define motor development?

A

The study of the changes to the perceptual motor systems, the underlying processes & products of functional motor behaviour across the life span.

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7
Q

What is Growth?

A

Observable changes in quantity

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8
Q

What is maturation?

A

development of organs, physical structures & motor capabilities

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9
Q

What are self-organising properties?

A

The ability of perceptual motor systems to self-select patterns

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10
Q

What determines readiness?

A

Maturation & experience

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11
Q

What are 7 assumptions about motor development?

A
  1. Development is Continuous
  2. development is cephalocaudal and proximodistal
  3. Domains of development are interrelated
  4. environment is influential
  5. critical & sensitive periods exist
  6. Human development is flexible
  7. abilities progress, regress 7 develop atypically
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12
Q

What are the stages of development?

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy: 0-2y (survival orientated)
  3. Early childhood: 2-6y (FMS, perceptual motor awareness, self-care)
  4. Later childhood: 6-12y (refine FMS into sport-specific)
  5. Adolescence: 12-18y (develop independence & identity)
  6. Adulthood: 19+
    (changing societal roles-> reduced PA & fitness)
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13
Q

What are the 7 phases of the developmental continuum?

A
  1. Reflex/ spontaneous (3m pregnant -> 1yr)
  2. Rudimentary: maturation
  3. Fundamental movement: motor awareness, body awareness, locomotive & manipulative skills emerging
  4. Sport skill: FMS are adapted & moulded to be used into a dynamic environment
  5. Growth & refinement:
  6. Peak performance
  7. Regression
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14
Q

What components of movement change with age?

A
  1. Flexibility (2 periods; males have a regression period)
  2. Balance
  3. Power
  4. Coordination (non-linear)
  5. Endurance (F=11; M=13-14)
  6. speed (F=6; M=7)
  7. strength (females 1st)
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15
Q

How do males & females develop balance differently?

A

males improve faster but females start out better

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16
Q

What causes coordination decline with age?

A

cortical atrophy, reduced cortical excitability & plasticity, neurochemical abnormalities

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17
Q

Exampled of FMS?

A
  1. throwing
  2. Kicking
  3. Running
  4. Jumping
  5. Catching
  6. Striking
  7. Hopping
  8. skipping
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18
Q

What dictates ways bones develop?

A

Unequal forces

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19
Q

What ages do males & females experience peak height velocity respectively?

A

12.5y males; 13.5 females

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20
Q

What is the difference between osteopenia & osteporosis?

A

Osteopenia: components of brain fail to develop (relation to CA+ & P)
Osteoporosis: decreased formation of new bone

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21
Q

What bone & muscular changes are observed prenatally?

A

5w: bone formation & myotubes
20w: first muscle fibres
Muscle fibre differentiation (28-41% type 1)
Neural innervation of motor end plates

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22
Q

When does adult-like distribution of fibres occur?

A

Infancy

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23
Q

At what age does muscle fibre relaxation speed mature?

A

10 years

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24
Q

What increase in muscle mass do we see between 5 & 17 years in males & females respectively?

A

Males; 53% increase in muscle

Females: 41% change

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25
Q

When do we see the greatest strength gains?

A

1 year post PHV

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26
Q

What % of muscle do we observe per decade?

A

5%

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27
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

Loss of muscle mass, strength & functional abilities

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28
Q

What motor unit remodelling occurs with age?

A

Reductions in ATP production, slower excitation, contraction coupling, reduced cross-bridge cycling strength

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29
Q

why does muscle decline with age?

A

+ less protein
+ hormonal & metabolic changes
+ reduction in capacity/ motivation to be active

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30
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

ability of neurons in the cortico-cerebellar system to change

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31
Q

What is experience-expectant plastcity?

A

Lack of exposure retards development

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32
Q

What is experience-dependant plasticity?

A

Ecological plasity

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33
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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34
Q

Why does neuron cell death occur?

A

Overproduction of neurons

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35
Q

Does the CNS Or PNS regenerate?

A

PNS (CNS doesn’t)

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36
Q

What Prenatal changes to de observe to CNS & PNS?

A

3 weeks: initial formation of CNS
4 weeks: motor nerve fibres aware
6-7 weeks: synapse begin to form & myelination begins
8 weeks: reflexive response to tough; head ½ size body, pairing between sensory & motor parts of the body
16-20 weeks: myelination of motor then sensory axons respectively

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37
Q

2 year olds have ( twice/half) as many neural connections than adults

A

Twice

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38
Q

What are the 2 main critical periods?

A

6-10 -> ongoing myelination

10-12y

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39
Q

How much does brain volume decline across the lifespan?

A

15%

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40
Q

What age does myelination peak?

A

50Years

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41
Q

Do we observe reductions in the volume of the basal ganglia?

A

No

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42
Q

What age do we see decrease in motor nerve conduction velocity?

A

From 15-24 years

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43
Q

What ages do we see generalised and specific localisation of the sensory system?

A

Touch: 7-9m general localisation 12-16m specific localisation

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44
Q

t what age is reaching guided by proprioception?

A

8 months

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45
Q

At what age does children have kinaesthetic memory = adult levels?

A

8 years

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46
Q

What age is depth perception mature?

A

12 years

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47
Q

When are people most susceptible to muscle & knee injuries?

A

Post PHV

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48
Q

Why are children slower at processing information?

A
  1. Slower nerve conduction speed
  2. Slower perception & slower decision making
  3. Lack of task specific strategies & knowledge
  4. Lack of attention/ motivation
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49
Q

At what ages do we see over-exclusive, over-inclusive & selective attention respectively?

A
  1. 5-6y
  2. 6-11y
  3. 11+
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50
Q

What does development & maturation result in?

A
  1. Coordination -> organisation of coordinative structures
  2. Control -> refining Behaviour
  3. skill ->developing effectiveness & efficiency & economy
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51
Q

_____ Experience informs infants avoidance of falling from drop offs

A

Crawling

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52
Q

what are the 4 learning curves of the sway model?

A

Sitting
Crawling
Cruising
walking

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53
Q

Perception of visual cliff is better/worse/same in novice walkers & experienced walked as experienced crawlers

A

The same

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54
Q

Is a slope or drop-off more dangerous for babies?

A

slope –> babies are more likely to go below submersion point

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55
Q

When do infants need to recalibrate perception-action system?

A

when a new locomotr skill is aquired

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56
Q

What are the 5 periods of the mountain motor development?

A
  1. Reflexive
  2. Preadapted
  3. Fundamental motor patterns
  4. Context-specific
  5. Skillful
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57
Q

What is the reflexive period which occurs form prenatal to 6m?

A

Reflex stimulate CNS/PNS & engage exploration of perceptual-motor landscape

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58
Q

What are the 3 types of reflexes?

A
  1. Primitive
  2. Postural
  3. locomotor
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59
Q

What are some primitive reflexes?

A

+ suckling
+ rooting:
+ grasping: palmer stimulation (can support 70% body weight)

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60
Q

How do we assess primitive reflexes?

A

Moro: when startles arms/ legs extend outward, hands open, fingers spread
Startle: opposite to Moro
Babinski: stroking sole of foot fan out & extend toes

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61
Q

What are postural reflexes?

A

React to forces & alter posture

  1. Head or body righting: gently turn the infant’s head + body; other will follow
  2. Labyrinthine righting reflex: enables upright posture
  3. Pull-up reflex: baby in sitting position holding caregiver’s hands (will flex/ extend arms to remain upright if tipped forward or back)
  4. Parachute reflex: protective + supportive (forward & downward)
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62
Q

What are locomotor refleces:

A
  1. Crawling: preparatory reflexes (pressure applied to sole of foot = leg extension)
  2. Stepping
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63
Q

What are stereotypies and how many are there ~?

A

Transitional, rhythmical behaviours that create sensory experiences that help neural development
~67

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64
Q

What are stereotypies constrained by>

A

body & postural dynamics

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65
Q

What are the averages rudimentary behaviour occurs?

A
  1. Holds head voluntary 1m
  2. Rolls stomach to back 8m
  3. Sitting alone 6 months;
  4. put self in sitting 8m
  5. sit appropriately 9m
  6. Standing: 6-8 (holding),
  7. standing alone: 11-13m
66
Q

How is sitting independantly achieved?

A

By reducing trunk displacement & velocity

Due to the development of muscle synergies due to lumbar, paraspinal, quads & hamstrings

67
Q

How long do children need to walk before we observe reduced sway

A

1.5 months

68
Q

What is open & closed loop control?

A

Open loop: fast, pre-planned, ballistic actions (>5 cm/s)

Closed loop: Slow, guided by sensory info (< = 3 cm/s)

69
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

cognitive processes are deeply grounded in bodily interactions with the environment

70
Q

When does children begin walking 7 when does it mature?

A

13months; 5 years

71
Q

What is creeping?

A

Homolateral movement

72
Q

How do children walk with frozen DOF?

A

Unstable, block movements with a wide stance

73
Q

What are the 3 stages of manual coordination?

A

Prehension: seizing & grasping
Manipulation: skillful use of hands
Manual control: catch all terms, includes reaching, grasping & releasing

74
Q

At what age are infants guided by visual info?

A

7 Months

75
Q

What 3 theories explain reaching

A
  1. Dynamic Systems: perception-action interactions = behaviour selction
  2. Neuronal Group Selection = stronger neuronal connections enacted
  3. Approximate optimal control = selection basedon internal state & predicted reward
76
Q

When does manual/ fine motor control emerge?

A

after palmar reflex, stereotypies & grasping

77
Q

Finger differentiation doesnt mature to …. years

A

8

78
Q

Why is development delayed in larger babies?

A

more to lift; not strong enough

79
Q

What are 3 Fundamental movement skills?

A

+ locomotion
+ object manipulation
+ balance

80
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of fundamental motor skills?

A

Unique movement pattern
Near universality of outcome
Generalisation to a broad set of skills

81
Q

What are anticipatory postural adjustments?

A

ability to prepare for upcoming perturbations?

82
Q

At what age does gait initiation stop being a block style?

A

4-5 years

83
Q

What are the 3 primary constraints of throwing

A
  1. Base of support
  2. trunk actions
  3. fore arm actions
84
Q

What are the 4 levels of motor behaviour?

A
  1. tone (postural stability)
  2. Synergies (control interactions into functional units)
  3. space (spatial orientation)
  4. action
85
Q

What are Context specific, skilful & compensation periods

A

application of FMS to a variety of tasks & environmental contexts
+ rate limiter is the development of perceptual-cognitive capabilities

86
Q

What is a compensation period?

A

system adapts/ compensates for detrimental changes in organismic constraints

87
Q

Define Physical literacy?

A

the motivation, physical competence, confidence, knowledge & understanding to maintain physical literacy across the life course

88
Q

Wh?at is the foundation of Physical literacy

A
  1. Monism (moves away from a dualistic approach)
  2. Encompasses doing, responding, interpreting & Understanding
  3. Holistic framework
  4. Signals an interplay with our surroundings (culture + society = influential)
  5. non-exclusive connotations
89
Q

What are the properties of physical literacy?

A
  1. Physical capabilities (capacity for movement; motor skill competence, engagement)
  2. Affective (confidence, self-perceived competence & self-esteem)
  3. Cognitive (knowledge & understanding of activities)
    Progression/ developmental pathway
  4. Target audience
  5. Holistic concept
  6. Related construct (health literacy; asthetic considerations)
90
Q

What is physical/ motor competence?

A

Proficiency in fundamental motor skills: locomotor & object control skills

91
Q

How are FMS assessed?

A

+ outcome orientation

+ Process (technique) orientation

92
Q

What are some differences between the development of FMS in males & females?

A

+ girls under 10 have better balance than boy (sex effect is age dependent)
+ girls develop locomotor skills earlier (parts of brain reach max size earlier)
+ boys develop advanced object control skills earlier than girls

93
Q

Children accurately/ inaccurately percieve effort as motor competence; what is the benefit of this?

A

Inaccurately

drives persistence & engagement

94
Q

How do we assess self-percieved competence?

A

Athletic sub scale

95
Q

In boys Object control & overall motor skills is (positively/negatively) & significantly related to Mod & vigorous PA levels; the opposity is true in females.

A

Positively

96
Q

At what age does FMS competence become a better predictor of PA in girls than boys?

A

14 years

97
Q

What is the proficiency barrier?

A

low self percieved competence = barrier to sport involvement

98
Q

What is the main catalyst of involvement in PA?

A

actual motor skill is main catalyst as also increases PMC

99
Q

What is the negative spiral of disengagement?

A

less PA isassociated with difficulty, lack of success & lack of enjoyment
Less competence = less success = less engagement

100
Q

What are the challenges of assessing Physical literacy?

A 
\+ wide change movement skills
\+ no standardised tests for PL
\+ tests lack ecological validity
\+ assessments often involve skill-instruction guidelines or demonstrations (limits ability to explore perceptual motor development & find best method for them)
\+time
101
Q

How does exergaming help people develop Physical literacy?

A
  1. technology = engaging; help older adults with technology
  2. online/ instant feedback
  3. Objective, sensitive assessments
102
Q

What are the drawbacks of exergaming?

A
  1. Not everyone will have access
  2. Require extensive testing to enable valid, reliable assessments
  3. Ecological validity
  4. Type of game influential in types of PA performed
103
Q

What are 2 ways to help people become physically literate?

A
  1. Exposure to a range of PA that act to promote both skill & self-perceived competence
  2. Track progress
104
Q

What is an assessment?

A

Measurement (info collection) + evaluation (determining value of measurements)

105
Q

Where do we assess FMS competence?

A
  1. Hospitals
  2. maternity centres
  3. daycare
  4. schools
  5. Sport clubs
  6. Unis
106
Q

Why do we assess FMS competence?

A
  1. Diagnosis
  2. Determine developmental status
  3. Placement into interventions
  4. Evaluation of content for planning (teaching/ coaching)
  5. Construct norm & criterion performance standards
  6. Research
  7. Predict
  8. Motivate
107
Q

What are some important considerations when assessing FMS?

A

+ Validity
+ reliability
+ instructions easy?
+ instructions not subject to interpretation?
+ does effort have significant influence?

108
Q

What score on the APGAR scale show that a child is developing atypically & needs immediate assistance?

A

scores under 4

109
Q

Are infant motor assessments product or process orienyated?

A

product -> use norm reference standards

110
Q

What are the subscales of bayleys scales of infant development?

A
  1. cognitive
  2. language
  3. Motor (72 gross & 66 fine)
  4. Social-emotional
  5. Adaptive
111
Q

What are the age bands of affordances in motor development

A
  1. 3-18m

2. 18-42m

112
Q

What are the 4 types of affordances in the home?

A
  1. Child & family characteristics
  2. Play space affordances
  3. Daily activities
  4. Play material affordances
113
Q

What are the 8 tasks used to identify & assess developmental delays?

A
  1. Place pegs
  2. Threading ace
  3. Drawing
  4. Bounce & catch ball
  5. Thrown bean bag
  6. Balance on one foot
  7. Jump into squares
  8. Heel to toe walking
    (these are combined with qualitative measures)
114
Q

What is a process orientated assessment?

A

identify an individuals current movement qualities & compare to an established developmental sequence

115
Q

What are the 6 tests used to evaluate physical function in healthy elderly people & dementia patients?

A
  1. Chair stand test (lower body strength
  2. Biceps curl test (upper body strength)
  3. 6 min walk test (aerobic endurance)
  4. Chair sit & reach test
  5. The back scratch test (upper body flexibility)
  6. 2.45m up & go test (agility & dynamic balance
116
Q

When do we experience our maximum strength?

A

25-29 years when cross-sectional are is greatest

117
Q

At what age do we observe maximum oxygen intake?

A

Late teens/ early twentys (driven by muscle volume)

118
Q

What age do we observe maximum exercise tolerance?

A

F=25; m=28

119
Q

What age does reaction time peak & why?

A

mid 20s due to max neurological function

120
Q

What do athlete development models take into consideration?

A
  1. Chronological Age
  2. Training Age
  3. Athletes capability & maturation
  4. Physical, mental-cognitive & emotional development is on going
121
Q

What are the 5S’s used for diagnosing?

A

stamina, strength, speed, skill & suppleness

122
Q

What is speed 1 & speed 2?

A

Speed 1: quickness + agility (less than 5s)  anaerobic

Speed 2: a-lactic power & capacity up to 20 seconds

123
Q

What are the 5 developmental periods of training?

A
  1. Fundamental:5-8y
  2. Learning to train: 9-12
  3. Training to train: 13-16
  4. Training to complete: 17-19
  5. Training to win: 20+
124
Q

What age do the 5S’s develop in males?

A
  1. Speed 1(~8)
  2. Skills (~10.5)
  3. Speed 2 (13)
  4. Aerobic (11-15)
  5. Strength (13 & 14)
125
Q

What age do the 5S’s develop in females?

A
  1. Speed 1(~7)
  2. Skills (~9.5)
  3. Speed 2 (15.5)
  4. Aerobic (14-17)
  5. Strength (17)
126
Q

What age does middle childhood end for males & females respectively?

A

11 for males; 9 for females

127
Q

What are the main characteristics of LTPD developmental model?

A
  1. 5s’s of training & performance
  2. need 10, 000 hours
  3. Use peak height velocity as a reference point
  4. Suggest critical & sensitive period
  5. ‘Early’ & ‘Late” specialisation sports
128
Q

What are the characteristics of YPS developmental model?

A
  1. 9 physical qualities
  2. Use puberty & peak height velocity
  3. Use a constraints based approach
  4. no focus on endurance until adulthood
  5. All qualities trainable throughout childhood (no sensitive period)
129
Q

What age does endurance peak in LTAD VS YPD respectively?

A

LTAD: F=12; M=14

YPD = 18+

130
Q

What age does speed peak in LTAD VS YPD respectively?

A

LTAD:
F= 6 & 11.5; M = 7 & 13
YPD = less focus post-adolescence

131
Q

What age does power/strength peak in LTAD VS YPD respectively?

A

LTAD: after growth spurt
YPD: equal at all ages

132
Q

What age does Agility peak in LTAD VS YPD respectively?

A

LTAD: F=5-11; M= 6-12
YPD: focuses middle

133
Q

What age does skill peak in LTAD VS YPD respectively?

A

LTAD: F=8-11; 9-12
YPD: FMS: <8F/9M
SSS: adolescence

134
Q

What are the 5 theories of regression?

A
  1. Genetic theory (cellular clock): aging is controlled by the genes -> max age = 125
  2. Wear & tear theory: Repair can’t keep up with damage
  3. Cellular garbage/ mutation theory: body accumulates waste products (including free radicals. Cross linking idea suggests different molecules join causing deterioration
  4. Immune system theory: ability to fight infection is induced
  5. Hormonal theories: atrophy of the thymus gland which influences immune function
    Decrease in oestrogen & growth hormone are also influential
135
Q

At what rate does physical function decline from 30 years?

A

0.75-1%

136
Q

What physiological changes occur during regression?

A

+Decreased cardiorespiratory function (sedentary decreases at 2x rate)
+Decrease in surface area; loss muscle
+ decreased muscular strength (type 2 fibres atrophy; reduction in motor neurons)
+ Decreased flexibility (collagen & synovial membranes degrade; joints stiffer)
+ Decreased neural function (psychomotor slowing due to reduction in processing speed)
+ Decreased vision
+ Decreased balance
+ BP increase
+ BF increases

137
Q

Why is postural control reduced in elderly?

A

as a result of the loss of peripheral sensory cues & deterioration in function of stretch reflexes initiated from muscle spindles

138
Q

What changes occur to locomotion over the lifespan?

A

Decreased speed, cadence, step length & stride length

139
Q

Does gait variability remain stable over time?

A

Yes

140
Q

What is a large variability of gait associated with?

A

Falling

141
Q

What activities do young people perform better in than the elderly?

A

Cognitive processing speed
Sustained attention/ executive functioning
Grooved Peg Board task

142
Q

Longer texting is associated with ____% more excursions

A

60

143
Q

____ is also associated with more excursions

A

age

144
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

paralysis relating to the cerebrum that affects ability to move & posture control

145
Q

What are the mechanisms behind cerebral palsy?

A

premature bith, lack of blood & oxygen before/ during birth; brain injury + serious brain infection

146
Q

What are the 3 types of cerebral Palsy?

A 
Spastic diplegia (lower limbs)
spastic quadriplegia (all limbs)
 spastic hemiplegia (One side body limbs)
147
Q

What are the gait problems associated with cerebral palsy

A

decreased walking speed, distance & balance problems
Decreased ROM, joint power & reflex task modulation
Increased co-contraction & energy cost
Changes in timing of activation

148
Q

What are the 4 gait types in patients with cerebral palsy?

A
  1. Weak or paralysed dorsiflexors
  2. Type 1 + triceps surau contracture
  3. Type 1 + 2 + hamstrings/ rectus femoris spasticity
  4. Type 3 + spastic hip flexors & adductors
149
Q

Can PA help with cerebral Palsy?

A

Young children: Treadmill training improved gross motor function, walking speed & endurance
Adolescents: Improved perception & negotiation ability
Adult: Whole body vibration decreased spasticity & increased gross motor function

150
Q

What skills does developmental coordination affect?

A
  1. Handwriting
  2. Generating & monitoring action models
  3. Inability to mentally represent & efficiently plan actions
  4. Gross motor skills performed at lower less (as well as FMS)
  5. Driving a car can be impacted
151
Q

how does Development coordination disorder affect children physiologically?

A
  1. Increase bw, BMU, waist girth & bf%
  2. Decreased VO2
  3. Less muscular strength & endurance
  4. Less anaerobic capacity; less explosive power
  5. Less PA
152
Q

What are 4 interventions for DCD?

A
  1. Task-orientated (strongest)
  2. Traditional physical therapy
  3. Process-orientated (not recommended)
  4. Chemical supplement (insufficient evidence)
153
Q

What does size & fluency of handwriting in DCD reflect?

A

problems with anticipation & automation

154
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

have 47 chromosomes instead of 46
(trisomy 21; mosaic)
causes a reduction in muscle tone; joint laxity & problems with gross & fine motor skills

155
Q

What delays in static posture to children with down syndrome experience?

A
  1. 1 year delay in walking
  2. Poor posture (exp. When vision & planter cutaneous sensory system perturbed)
  3. Differential allocation of resources when sensory input altered
  4. Were able to make directionally specific postural responses to platform
  5. No adaptation to changing task constraints
  6. Slow muscle onset
  7. Central processes are the cause of postural control delays
156
Q

Can training help with Down syndrome?

A
  1. Treadmill can help DS to walk sooner (signifigant & large effect)
  2. No effects of aerobic training
  3. Muscle strength & dynamic balance were improved by training
157
Q

What is parkinsons?

A
  1. Neurodegenetive disease that develops as a result of the loss of neurons associated with dopamine in the basal ganglia
158
Q

What are the symptoms of parkinsons?

A

Akinesia (paucity of movement & delayed initiation)
Bradykinesia (movement slowness)
Hypokinesia (paucity of movements; reduced movement amplitude)
Postural instability (impaired ability to respond to pertubations)
Rigidity (increased resistance to passive joint movements)
Stooped pressure
tremor at rest

159
Q

What strategies can help with parkinsons?

A
  1. Visual; audio cuing; medications
160
Q

What are the risk factors for parkinsons?

A

alcohol, smoking, coffee, antioxidants, fatty acids, iron, inflammation

161
Q

What are the two theories of why reflexes disappear?

A
  1. Maturationists: Cortical maturation, increased myelination, axon pruning leads to disappearance
  2. Dynamical systems theorists’ suggestion interaction between various body systems leads to disappearance
162
Q

What are the issues with movement batteries?

A
  1. May be difficult to determine what to assess
  2. What is a valid test
  3. Is the test reliable
  4. Have to consider sensitivity

Motor control SPEX202 (3 decks)

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