Motor Learning/Control

Question 1

Motor Control

Answer 1

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

Movement emerges from the interaction of 3 factors

Answer 2

Individual, task, environment

Question 3

Individual Constraints: Action

Answer 3

All muscles and joints must be controlled during the execution of coordinated, functional movement

Question 4

Individual Constraints: Perception

Answer 4

-Integration sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful info
-Involves peripheral mechanisms and higher level processing that adds info to afferent info

Question 5

Individual Constraints: Cognition

Answer 5

Attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, emotional aspects
-Single vs. dual task control

Question 6

Task

Answer 6

Nature of it determines type of movement needed

Question 7

Discrete Task

Answer 7

Definite beginning and end (sit to stand)

Question 8

Continuous Task

Answer 8

No recognizable beginning and end, end is not inherent characteristic (walking, swimming)

Question 9

Sequenced Task

Answer 9

Increase the demand for stability

Question 10

Open movements

Answer 10

Constantly changing or unpredictable environments

Question 11

Closed movements

Answer 11

Relatively fixed/predictable environment (on and off toilet)

Question 12

Environment: Regulatory

Answer 12

Movement must conform to regulatory features to achieve task goal (different sized cups affect grasp)

Question 13

Environment: Non-regulatory

Answer 13

Movement does not have to conform to the features, may or may not affect (lighting, background noise)

Question 14

Systems theory

Answer 14

-Describes body as mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that needs to be controlled
-Higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels, which activate synergies that act together to solve degrees of freedom problem

Question 15

Dynamic systems theory

Answer 15

-Like systems, but based on principle of self-organization
-When system of individual parts come together, elements behave collectively in ordered way

Question 16

Main difference of systems vs. dynamic systems

Answer 16

De-emphasizing the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

Question 17

Attractor state:

Answer 17

A small amount of variability indicates a highly stable behavior or preferred pattern

Question 18

Performance

Answer 18

Temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

Question 19

Learning

Answer 19

Relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

Question 20

Concepts of motor learning

Answer 20

-Process of acquiring capability for skilled action
-Results from experience or practice
-Cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
-Produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

Question 21

Closed Loop Theory

Answer 21

Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with the stored memory of the intended movement

Question 22

Open Loop Theory

Answer 22

Execution of preprogrammed movements without perceptual feedback (“muscle memory”)

Question 23

Fitts and Posner: Cognitive Stage

Answer 23

-What must be done?
-Large number or errors
-Lots of attention needed
-Large improvements

Question 24

Fitts and Posner: Associative Stage

Answer 24

-How should it be done?
-Refining skill
-Small variability and slow improvements

Question 25

Fitts and Posner: Autonomous Stage

Answer 25

-What presents success?
-Perform skill automatically with low level of attention
-Ready for advanced challenges

Question 26

3 Stage Model: Novice stage

Answer 26

-Freeze degrees of freedom
-Stiffen body segments
-Accurate but inefficient

Question 27

3 Stage Model: Advanced stage

Answer 27

-Release additional df
-Co contraction of agonist and antagonist is reduced

Question 28

3 Stage Model: Expert stage

Answer 28

-Release all df
-Take advantage of passive forces and reduce fatigue

Question 29

Gentile Stage 1

Answer 29

-Understand requirements of movement
-Distinguish regulatory from non regulatory features of environment

Question 30

Gentile Stage 2

Answer 30

-Adapt movement to changing task and demands while being consistent and efficient
-Closed skill: fixation
-Open skill: diversification

Question 31

Practice should be

Answer 31

Accurate and active

Question 32

Intrinsic Feedback

Answer 32

via somatosensory systems

Question 33

Extrinsic Feedback

Answer 33

KP or KR

Question 34

Knowledge of Results

Answer 34

The outcome of movement, terminal feedback (missing target)

Question 35

Knowledge of Performance

Answer 35

Movement pattern/kinematic feedback (foot not high enough to clear curb)

Question 36

Massed Practice

Answer 36

Practice time is greater than rest between trials

Question 37

Distributed Practice

Answer 37

Session in which amount of rest between trials is equal or greater to trial time

Question 38

Constant vs. Variable

Answer 38

Same parameter settings vs variety

Question 39

Random vs. Blocked

Answer 39

Random vs. fixed order

Question 40

Whole vs. Part

Answer 40

Entire movement at once vs. different components

Question 41

Mental Practice

Answer 41

Enhances skill acquisition

Question 42

Guidance vs. Discovery

Answer 42

Unguided less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer

Question 43

Older adults benefit greatly from

Answer 43

Cognitive learning strategies (mental practice)