Motor Learning Behavioral Basis Flashcards
Motor Learning
Set of processes associated with practice that leads to a relatively permanent changes in the capability (critical for participation in societal roles)
Process Defined
Set of events or occurrences that taken together lead to some particular product
Learning Defined
the process and product is a new improved behavior. An internal event and cannot be observed directly
Skilled Action components
Accuracy, Speed, Adaptability, Efficiency and Consistency
Level 1 Research for Motor Learning
Least direct relevance - develops theory based knowledge for understanding motor learning
Level 2 Research for Motor Learning
Moderate direct relevance - understanding the learning of practical skills in practical settings (NO time requirement)
Level 3 Research for Motor Learning
Most direct relevance - (immediate) solutions to practical learning problems in practical settings
Practice and Performance Key Takeaways
Practice needs to be challenging! Increases cognitive effort which promotes learning
If treatment is leading to perfect performance change the treatment!
What is the Best Indicator of Learning?
Retention!
Retention Process
Encoding, consolidation and retrieval
Delayed Retention Test
Temporary effects are gone and the consolidation process has evolved (24 hours to a month post practice)
Delayed Transfer Test
Ability to generalize the learned into to a novel task or different environment
How to Measure Learning in the Clinic?
Retest at a later date, Generalization (variation of task), and Automaticity (does it require attention?)
Memory Defined
process by which that knowledge is encoded, stored and later retrieved
Procedural Knowledge
information is summarized in neural networks that allow the task to continue without failing (bike example)
Declarative/Explicit Memory
Depends on conscious reflection for acquisition and recall
Relies on cognitive processes
Can be established in a single trial or experience
Can be expressed concisely in a declarative statement
FACTS / EVENTS
Neural Networks for Explicit Memory
1st: Unimodal and polymodal association areas (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)
2nd: Parahippocampal cortex/ Perirhinal Cortex -> Entorhinal Cortex (main input and output of hippocampus)
3rd: Association cortices (long term storage)
Non declarative/Implicit Memory
Not dependent on awareness or cognitive processes
Accumulates through repetition over many trials
Expressed by improved performance on certain tasks
Difficult to express in declarative form
Learning of procedures and skills
Priming
Recall is improved based on prior exposure
Previous encounter influences the speed or accuracy of performance on a task
Does not require conscious recollection
Associative Learning
Classical conditioning: learning to pair two stimuli
Operant Conditioning: learning association between a behavior and a consequence
Operant Conditioning
Trial and error learning
Law of effect: behaviors that are rewarded tend to be repeated adverse tend not to be repeated.
Non associative Learning
Habituation: Decreased responsiveness with repeated exposure to non-painful stimulation
Sensitization: Increased responsiveness following threatening or noxious stimulus.
Cognitive Information Processes
Gathers information - Large gains, inconsistent performance
(verbal-motor stage)
Associative Information Processes
Putting actions together - small gains, disjointed performance, conscious effort
(motor stage)
Autonomous Information Processes
Much time and practice - Performance seems unconscious, automatic and smooth
(automatic stage)
