motor learning and coaching

Question 1

Types of feed back

• Intrinsic feed back
• Extrinsic feedback

Answer 1

Intrinsic feed back - person’s own sensory system,

Extrinsic feedback - someone of something external to the person.

Question 2

Forms of feed back

Answer 2

video, specific verbal, general verbal, feelings of mastery, self confidence, financial reward, kinaesthetic.

Question 3

Two common forms of feed back

Answer 3

Knowledge of result (objective)- measure what happened

Knowledge of performance (subjective) - relies more on the opinion of the observer.

Question 4

Front loading and Terminal feedback

Answer 4

Front loading - pointing out key elements or teaching points prior to performing an activity.
Terminal feedback - feedback that is given at the completion of the movement.

Question 5

Structure of a training session

Answer 5

1- warm up
2- skill development
3- fitness (conditioning)
4- culmination
5- cool down
6- recovery

Question 6

Recovery techniques

Answer 6

stretching, hydration, diet, hydrotherapy, massarge, compression garment, (mental;) meditation and breathing techniques.

Question 7

Classification system 1 - motor / cognitive

Answer 7

A motor skill is an observable movement involving the muscles that is aimed at achieving a desired outcome. This is distinct from a cognitive skill in which the ability to think and decide is the desired outcome

Question 8

Classification system 2 - open and closed skills

Answer 8

Open skills - occur in an unstable, unpredictable environment where conditions are continually changing
eg. AFL, ski
- The demands of the skill vary depending on the requirements of a game.
Closed skills - occurs in a stable, predictable environment where conditions stay the same
- The person can plan what to do and when to do it because the demands and requirements of the activity are known and can be practised

Question 9

Classification system 3 - gross motor and fine motor skill

Answer 9

A fine motor skill is one that requires delicate muscle movement to perform a refined skill
A gross motor skill is concerned with the movement of large muscle groups in order to complete a major movement action e.g. running

Question 10

Classification system 4 - discrete motor, continues motor, and serial skills.

Answer 10

A discrete skill to one that has a clearly defined beginning and end point. eg. golf swing, archery.
A continues skill is one that sits at the opposite end of the spectrum - almost impossible to see exactly where the skill begins and ends eg. soccer, marathon.
A serial skill require a sequence of steps or motor movements to complete a task. eg. long jump (run, hop, skip, jump, land).

Question 11

K.O.O.T.

Answer 11

Knowledge - The ability to effectively relay that information to athletes, is at the top of the coaching skills hierarchy.
Organisation - various methods of organising their players.
Observation - Analyse the athletes in their care, help map out future directions. Coaches must be skilled at observing performance.
Teaching - coaches must be able to get the message across to their athletes affectively through the process of teaching.
- 1 coaching directions ( command style, reciprocal style)
- 2 athlete - directed ( sport educated models)
- 3 game sense ( self - directed)

Question 12

C.s.M.A.R.T.E.R

Answer 12

Challenging ( testing and stretching) 
Specific ( closely defined)
Measurable ( changes that are recordable) 
Achievable ( within capability) 
Realistic ( relevant)
Time frame ( achievement time / date)
Evaluated ( against personal or external standards)
Reviewed ( debriefed)

Question 13

Types of practice

Answer 13

1) whole practice - full version
2) part practice - particular skill eg. netball shooting.
- modified game eg. half court.
3) progressive part practice - shaping
- chainging

Question 14

structure of a training session

Answer 14

1) warm up
2) skill development
3) fitness (conditioning)
4) culmination
5) cool down
6) recovery

Question 15

Phases of motor learning

Answer 15

Cognitive phase
associative phase
autonomous phase

Question 16

Cognitive phase

Answer 16

Formation of a mental picture of what to do and the basic movement patterns. Beneficial for a visual demonstration. the performer at this stage has very little ability to detect what went right or wrong. Feedback must be immediate and uncomplicated.

Question 17

Associative Phase

Answer 17

This is the trial and error stage. The coach observes the success of the performance and attempts to intervene in order to guide improvement. This phase internal feedback from the body becomes important.

Question 18

Autonomous Phase

Answer 18

The performer has refined the skill so that the established motor program is automatic and requires no conscious thought. The performer at this stage generally has a high degree of consistency and accuracy.

Question 19

Chaining and shaping

Answer 19

Shaping - simplified version of a skill for initial learning with the subsequents addition of the missing components. eg. volleyball set (fingers, then arms, then legs)
Chaining - involves the breaking down of a skill into its component parts and teaching and practising each part. eg. triple jump (run up take off ect)

Question 20

factors affecting skill level

Answer 20

age, fatigue, practise time, motivation, focus, goals, vision, knowledge.

Question 21

Types of cues used to improve performance

Answer 21

Stage 1 - input ~ picking up information from opponent
Stage 2 - processing ~ information from long term memory is adjusted
by short term memory
Stage 3 - response ~ the movement response program selected is
automatically carried by the muscular system
Stage 4 - feed back ~ was it successful?, did the opponent return shot
- experience = long term memory