Motor Learning

Question 1

Plasticity defined as:

Answer 1

ability to show modification, especially in the cns/neural tissue, reorganization based on experience

clear age dependent determinant
influenced by environment/experience
2 way street= use it or lose it

Question 2

Plasticity occurs under 2 conditions

Answer 2

typical development/learning

recovery of function

Question 3

Physiology of plasticity

Answer 3

change in synaptic efficiency

change in number of synaptic connections

Question 4

Change in synaptic efficiency

Answer 4

habituation (decreased response to a stim)
sensitization (increased response to a stim)
Long term potentiation= change in type/amount of receptors

Question 5

Change in number of synaptic connection

Answer 5

sprouting

pruning

Question 6

Type plasticity

Answer 6

Structural- new connections

Funcitonal- parts of brain take over another area

Question 7

10 rules of experience dependent plasticity

Answer 7

use it or lose it
use it to improve it
repetition matters
intensity matters
specificity
age matters
salience
time matters
transferance
interferance

Question 8

Implicit learning

Answer 8

automatic, reflexive, habitual from repetition

non associative

associative

procedural learning

Question 9

Implicit learning: non associative

Answer 9

habituation

sensitization

Question 10

Implicit learning: associatve

Answer 10

classical condition

operant condition

Question 11

Implicit learning: procedural learning

Answer 11

varied repetition= increase automatic ness

automatically learn rules of movement

Question 12

Explicit learning

Answer 12

attention necessary, reflective

factual knowledge
encoding, consolidation, retrieval
explicit can become procedural from repetition
mental effort

Question 13

What is motor learning:

Answer 13

study of acquisition of modificaiton of movement

set of process associate with practice/experience leading to a relatively permanent change in capability for a skill movement

set of process- multiple theories lead to skill acquisition
repetition=more permanent
capability- due to experience

Question 14

learning vs performance

Answer 14

boiled egg vs. freezing water

learning is: unobservable, permanent, acquired capacity to do skill

performance is: observable, trial to trial fickle, no acquired capacity for skill

Question 15

Schmidt Schema Theory

Answer 15

after movement: there is initial condition, parameter, outcomes, sensory consequences

Question 16

Schmidt Theory: recall schema

Answer 16

relationship between the parameters and the initial conditions/outcome to select the future parameters

Question 17

Schmidt theory: recognition schema

Answer 17

relationship between the sensory consequences and the intial conditions/outcome to predict what it’ll fee like

Question 18

Schmidt theory:

Answer 18

Learning: updates between the recall/recognition schema

Variability- varied conditions= increase motor learning, especially for kids

Clinical impl: varied conditions=accurate recall/recognition

Limitations: lack specificity, to focused on refinement not enough on formation of motor learning

Question 19

Ecological theory

Answer 19

interaction between the regulatory/perceptual cues and the optimal responses

understand the task, feedback (knowledge of results/performance)

Question 20

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

Answer 20

Cognitive- requires attention, learner assess demands/strategy of task

Associative- refinement of motor pattern

Autonomic- automatic movement

Question 21

Systems 3 stage model

Answer 21

controlling degrees of freedom through co-contractions

1st stage- stiff, hold degree of freedome

2nd stage- releases some degree of freedom

3rd stage- releases all degree of freedom, fluid multi joint

Question 22

Gentile 2 stage model

Answer 22

focus on goal of task

Stage 1:develop understanding of the task dynamic, appropriate movement strategy

Stage 2: either fixation or diversification

Question 23

Fixation of Gentile model

Answer 23

consistent closed environment, refinement of pattern

Question 24

Diversification of Gentile model

Answer 24

adapting to change in demand

varying environment

Question 25

motor learning variable: amount

Answer 25

more is typically better

Question 26

motor learning variable design (mass vs distributed)

Answer 26

mass= high fatigue, decreased impact on learning, practice time>rest time

distributed- requires more time to complete same number of trials

Question 27

motor learning variable design (constant vs. variable)

Answer 27

constant= practice same version same parameter

variable= change in parameter, increased ability for generalization to novice variations

Question 28

motor learning variable design (blocked vs random)

Answer 28

blocked= xxx,yyy,zzz increased performance acquisition, for early learners, more structured

random= x, z, xx, y,z increased learning/retention, generalizability from increased cognitive requirements

Question 29

motor learning variable design (part vs whole)

Answer 29

part= for task that are sequential

whole= for tasks that are continuous

Question 30

Mental practice

Answer 30

supplement from the motor cortex, combined with physical practice can facilitate motor skill acquisition

Question 31

motor learning variable feedback (intrinsic)

Answer 31

sensory feedback to the body
movement and error detection for internal correction
information on results and performance

Question 32

motor learning variable (augmented)

Answer 32

knowledge of results- terminal feedback of outcome related to the goal

knowledge of performance- quality of the movement

Question 33

Augmented feeback schedule

Answer 33

concurrent or terminal
constant or intermittent

faded
bandwidth
self controlled

Question 34

Augmented vs variable feedback consequence on learning/performance

Answer 34

augmented feedback= increased performance, decreased learning

variable feedback= more learning, decreased performance