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202 > Motor learning > Flashcards

Motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 things do skills require

A
  1. perception
  2. intention to move
  3. postural control
  4. coordination
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2
Q

what are the 3 stages in Fitts and Ponder model of motor learning

A
  1. cognitive stage
  2. associative stage
  3. autonomous stage
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3
Q

what is learning

A

result of permanent change, not observable, must monitor performance over a long period of time

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4
Q

what is performance

A

temporary, nonpermanent changes, observable

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of performance curves and what do they look like

A
  1. negatively accelerating
  2. linear
  3. positively accelerating
  4. s-shaped
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6
Q

what 3 things do performance curves measure

A
  1. to measure performance changes, compare performance on a pretest with a posttest
  2. to measure learning, a retention test must be administered following a break from practice (retention interval)
  3. to measure adaptability, perform a transfer test on a related motor skill following a retention interval
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7
Q

what are the three measures of retention

A
  1. absolute retention
  2. difference score - amount of loss in skill over the retention interval
  3. percentage score - amount of loss in skill over the retention interval relative to amount of improvement in original-learning score
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8
Q

5 types of transfers

A
  1. positive/negative
  2. general
  3. specific
  4. vertical
  5. lateral
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9
Q

when is general transfer used

A

can benefit different activities, contexts

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10
Q

when can specific transfer be used

A

only useful for adapting movement in the same context

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11
Q

what is lateral transfer

A

broad application of skills and knowledge to a range of task, all with similar levels of complexity

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12
Q

what is vertical transfer

A

applying what has been learnt to a simpler or harder task

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13
Q

what is motor learning

A

an ongoing dynamic process involving a search for and stabilisation of specific, functional movement patterns as each individual adapts to a variety of changing constraints

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14
Q

what’s the best age to learn a motor skill

A

around the age of pre-puberty when the neural plasticity is at its greatest is the best age to learn a new motor skill

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15
Q

what is a sensitive period

A

when the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong

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16
Q

what is a critical period

A

when experience essential for normal development alters performance permanently

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17
Q

why do movement preferences exist

A

because of the structure of our bodies and how we control movement via the nervous system

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18
Q

what are intrinsic dynamics

A

the preferred states of the system given its current architecture and previous history of activity

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19
Q

what do sensitive periods allows

A

motor learning to be more rapid and easier

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20
Q

4 factors to cognitive approaches

A
  1. top down
  2. body is controlled (enslaved) by the Brian
  3. first information is processed and understood (input) then motor program is selected and released (output)
  4. mix of predictive processing and reflexive control of muscle
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21
Q

what are the 4 factors of direct perception (ecological psychology)

A
  1. energy transformations uniquely specific environmental properties and events
  2. no intermediate stages between perception and action
  3. animals sensory systems have evolved to pick up this information
  4. looming response in animals and human babies
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22
Q

what are the 4 factors of ecological dynamics

A
  1. bottom up
  2. individual-in-envionment is. complex dynamical system
  3. coordination emerges from many interacting constraints
  4. close interrelation between perceptual systems and motor systems
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23
Q

what is short term memory

A

stored for only 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed

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24
Q

what is working memory

A

temporarily stores recently presented material
can retrieve information from long-term storage to influence current problem solving, decision making and movement production

25
Q

what is long term memory

A

memories that are relatively permanent

26
Q

what are the two ways a learner can modify technique

A
  1. explicit (conscious)
  2. implicit (sub-conscious)
27
Q

4 factors of explicit ways to change technique

A
  1. instructions
  2. demonstration
  3. feedback
  4. manual guidance
28
Q

4 factors of implicit ways to change technique

A
  1. manipulate constraints
  2. dual task
  3. analogy
  4. errorless learning
29
Q

what are direct influences of constraints

A

change directly influences movement patterns

30
Q

what are emergent influences of constraints

A

influence grows stronger with learning

31
Q

what are indirect influences on constraints

A

more subtle influences on movement

32
Q

what are decaying influences of constraints

A

influence degrades with learning

33
Q

what view of human development does the bio ecological model have

A

holistic, longitudinal and contextual overview

34
Q

what are the 4 nested subsystems of the bio ecological model

A
  1. microsystem
  2. mesosytem
  3. ecosystem
  4. macrosystem
35
Q

what 3 things does learning within games help children to develop

A
  1. physical literacy
  2. identity
  3. belonging and community
36
Q

what is TGFU teaching games for understanding

A

skills practice which is embedded within modified games

37
Q

what is manipulating task constraints effective for

A

practitioners to guide learning

38
Q

what is representative learning

A

practice content that should reflect the performance environment

39
Q

what is task decomposition

A

break skills down into parts

40
Q

what are two types of distributed practice

A
  1. massed
  2. distributed
41
Q

what is massed practice

A

longer practice sessions and many practice trials

42
Q

what might massed practice result in (3 things)

A
  1. fatigue
  2. reduced cognitive effort
  3. less time for memory consolidation
43
Q

what is distributed practice

A

shorter practice sessions and fewer practice trials

44
Q

what do type of practice do continuous skills benefit from

A

distributed

45
Q

what is the basis of the challenge point framework

A

task difficulty should be modified to meet the demands of the task for the learner optimally

46
Q

what is variability of practice

A

varying key parameters of the movement patterns used to perform a motor skill

47
Q

what is the variability of practice hypothesis

A

variable practice = better retention and transfer

48
Q

3 components of attention and what are they

A
  1. capacity - attentional capacity is not limitless
  2. selectivity - attention is selected either intentionally or incidentally
  3. focus - attention is wide or narrow and internal or external
49
Q

what two factors are part of the single channel filter theories of attentional capacity

A
  1. tasks are accomplished in serial order
  2. the system can process only one task at a time
50
Q

what are the two factors of selective attention

A
  1. several attention mechanisms each with limited capacity
  2. if tasks require a common mechanism they will be difficult to perform simultaneously
51
Q

what is attention capacity critical to understand the importance of

A

automaticity of performance

52
Q

what is efficient visual search

A

attention is guided to target item immediately making the rest of the scene irrelevant

53
Q

what is extended visual span

A

pre-attentive processing of the sene before selective attention is directed to specific locations

54
Q

what is selective attention

A

attention is guided by the information stored in long term memory

55
Q

what are the four attentional styles

A
  1. internal borad
  2. internal narrow
  3. external broad
  4. external narrow
56
Q

when is external focus most advantageous

A

when the task is complex/challenging

57
Q

what is emotion

A

a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes

202 (3 decks)

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