Motor behaviour Flashcards
who came up with degrees of freedom and when
Bernstien 1967
what is degrees of freedom
number of degrees of freedom = the possible axis of rotation + direction of linear motion (at each joint)
how does degrees of freedom help with learning a new skill
when we first learn a skill, the most effective solution will involve freezing the degrees of freedom
what is coordination
mastering the redundant degrees of freedom
what are the 3 movement constraints
- organism
- task
- environment
what are affordances
opportunities for action within the environment
what are constraints
boundaries or features that limit or enable the motion of the minute parts of the system. constraints allow movement behaviour to emerge
What are coordinative structures
functional relationships between parts of the motor system
what is redundancy
many different ways to achieve a task
what is motor development
the study of the products and underlying processes of motor behaviour changes across the lifespan
what is motor learning
the study of the processes involved in the acquisition of a motor skill and the factors that enhance or inhibit an individuals capability to perform a motor skill
what is motor control
the study of the neural, physical and behavioural aspects of human movement
what are the 5 motor skill classifications
- skills
- fundamental movement skills (FMS)
- sports skills
- abilities
- Fishermans taxonomy
what are skills
voluntary, goal orientated movements that have been learned or relearned
what are the two aspects of FMS
- object control
- locomotion
what are the 3 aspects of sports skills
- cognitive skills
- perceptual skills
- motor skills
what are abilities
generally genetically predetermined characteristics that affect performance
what is Fishermans taxonomy and what is it made up of
system for classification
1. perceptual motor abilities
a. control precision
b. rate control
c. response orientation
2. physical proficiency
a. balance
b. explosive strength
c. endurance
what are the two skills that are caused by environmental predictability
- open skills
- closed skills
what are the two skills that are caused by movement precision
- fine motor skills -> performed with the distal ends of your segments
- gross motor skills -> performed by large segments of the Body
what are the three natures of skills
- continuous skills
- discrete skills
- serial skills
what are the two skills that are time constraint taxonomy
- self-paced skills
- externally paced skills
what are the three categories of the comprehensive physical-motor assessment
- Biological growth
- development (level of functioning)
- motor behaviour (performance)
what does assessment mean
measurement + evaluation
what does measurement mean
collection of information
what does evaluation mean
determining the worth or value of measurements made
what does norm reference standards mean
hierarchal ordering
what does criterion-referenced standards mean
performance relative to external standard
what is assessed in developmental studies typically FMS
competence
what are the two ways physical/motor competence can be assessed
- product (outcome) orientated
- process orientated
what does product assessment measure
outcome, for example how many times you can do something or how fast
what does process assessments measure
the form or technique
what are two important consideration to have when assessing motor development
- validity
- reliability
what does validity mean
are you measuring what you want to measure
what does reliability mean
is the assessment tool able to give the same results across multiple measurements
how could we measure anaerobic capacity
Wingate test
how can we measure anaerobic power
vertical jump test
3 ways to measure flexibility
- sit and reach
- knee to wall
- goniometer
how to measure agility
change of direction
3 ways to measure posture
- balance
- FMS
- technique analysis
3 ways to measure aerobic capacity
- step up test
- VO2 max test
- submit VO2 test
what is the newborn physical assessment called
APGAR scale
what are the 5 categories in the APGAR scale
- appearance (skin colour)
- pulse (rate)
- grimace (reflexive grimace initiated by stimulating the plantar surface of the foot)
- activity (muscle tone)
- respiratory effort (amount of respiratory activity)
what are the five subscales of the infant motor assessment product orientated test
- cognitive
- language
- motor
- social-emotional
- adaptive
what is the infant motor assessment that parental self report called
affordances in the home for motor development (AHEMD)
what is the movement assessment battery for children described as
assessment tool for identifying developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
how many tasks are in the movement assessment battery for children
8 tasks
what age group is the movement assessment battery for children aimed at and what orientation is it
3-16 years - product orientated
what age group and what orientation is the test of gross motor development meant for
3-11 years - process orientated
what does the test of gross motor development assess
the sequence and qualitative aspects of motor skills
what does the seniors test evaluate
the physical function in healthy elderly people but is also used for people with dementia
what are the 6 tests used in the seniors test
- the chair stand test
- the biceps curl test
- the 6min walk test
- the chair sit and reach test
- the back scratch test
- the 2.45m up and go test
what are the four periods in the study of motor development
- precursor (1787-1928)
- maturational period (1928-1946)
- normative/descriptive period (1946-1970)
- process-orientated period (1970-present)
what is growth
changes in physical size
what does heredity mean
qualities fixed at birth guided by genetic structure that account for individual traits
what does maturation mean
refers to timeline of development of organ systems, physical structures and motor capabilities
what does self-organising properties means
the ability the perceptual-motor system has to self-select patterns of action (attractors)
what does adaption mean
persons response to environmental stimuli
what does readiness mean
combination of maturation and experience
what are the 5 stages in the developmental continuum
- prenatal
- infancy/early childhood/later childhood
- adolescence
- adulthood
- older adulthood
what are the 7 phases on the developmental continuum
- reflexive/spontaneous
- rudimentary
- fundamental movement
- sport skill
- growth and refinement
- peak performance
- regression
what are the three components to the skeletal system
- cartilage
- bone
- joints
what are the 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
what are the 4 roles of bones
- protection
- support
- storage
- leverage for movement
what are the two types of joints
- synarthrosis joints
- diarthrosis joints
what are the 6 changes that happen to cartilage with age
- cellular matrix changes
- less effective repair ability
- cross linage of collagen and protein
- increased calcification of cartilage
- loss of water concentration
- increased fibrillation
at what prenatal week do bones form and what do they form from
week 5 from stem cells
what affects long bone growth
mechanical stimulation of the epiphyseal plates
when does rapid bone growth happen and due to what
ages 1-4 and during puberty due to testosterone
when does peak height velocity occur
12.5 years in males
13.5 years in females due to puberty
at what age do the epiphyseal plates close
25 years
at what age is there maximal bone max
30 years
what is osteopenia
components of bone fail to develop
what is osteomalacia
related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies
what is osteoporosis
decreased formation of new bone
what prenatal week are myotubes formed
5 weeks
what type of fibres do primary myotubes turn into
type one
what type of fibres do secondary myotubes turn into
type 2
when do muscles mature
childhood
what is sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
what is axon pruning
trimming of extraneous axon connections
at what prenatal week is the initial formation of the CNS
3 weeks
at what prenatal week do motor nerve fibres appear
4 weeks
what are the 3 critical periods of the CNS and PNS
6-10 years
10-12 years
18 years
what 3 things can development and maturation lead to
- coordination
- control
- skill
what does lifespan perceptual-motor development alter
movement variability
what is movement variability
normal variations that occur in motor performance both within and between trials
what happens to motor neuron and grey and white matter in elderly
loss of motor neuron and reduced grey and white matter
what happens to reaction time and variability of reaction time as we get older
reaction time quickens and the variability of reaction time goes down
what is central processing time and what happens to it with age
how long it takes for people to process the information and create an action - this increases with age
4 reasons why children are slower at processing information
- slower nerve conduction speed
- slower central information-processing
- lack of task specific strategies and knowledge
- non-central factors (psychological)
when do adolescents spurt in strength
1 year before PHV
why can young girls balance better than young boys
related to early maturation in the brain that relates to balance
between what ages do children navigate a critical period of perceptual motor development
6-8 years
what is physical literacy
the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain physical activity throughout the life course
reflexes are a primary mode of what
stimulating the CNS/PNS and engaging exploration of the perceptual motor landscape
what are the three types of reflexes and what do they do
primitive - enable survival type behaviours
postural - enable movement against gravity and being upright
locomotive - help us move around in our environment
what are three primitive reflexes
suckling
rooting
grasping
what are 4 postural reflexes
- head and body righting
- labyrinthine righting reflex
- pull-up reflex
- parachute reflexes
2 locomotor reflexes
- crawling
- stepping
3 rudimentary behaviours
- prehension
- manipulation
- manual control
what are the 4 foundations of physical literacy
- monism -> moves away from dualistic approach
- encompasses doing, interpreting, responding and understanding
- signals an interplay with our surroundings
- has non-exclusive connotations, indicating that everyone can achieve physical literacy
what are the 7 properties of physical literacy
- progression/developmental pathway
- target audience
- holistic concept
- related constructs
- physical capabilities
- affective
- cognitive
what are the 6 types of cerebral palsy
- spastic
- dyskinetic
- ataxic
- quadriplegia
- diplegia
- hemiplegia
what limbs does quadriplegia affect
both legs and arms
what limbs does diplegia affect
both legs
what are the two forms of down syndrome
- trisomy
- mosaic
what limbs does hemiplegia affect
arm and leg on same side of body
what does dyskinetic cause
involuntary movements
what does ataxic cause
shaky movements
what is trisomy
extra chromosomes in all of the cells
what is mosaic
extra genetic material in some of the cells
what are the 7 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
- akinesia
- bradykinesia
- hypokinesia
- postural instability
- rigidity
- stooped posture
- tremor at rest
what is cerebral palsy
paralysis, spasticity or tremors resulting from damage to the cerebral cortex
