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202 > Motor behaviour > Flashcards

Motor behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

who came up with degrees of freedom and when

A

Bernstien 1967

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2
Q

what is degrees of freedom

A

number of degrees of freedom = the possible axis of rotation + direction of linear motion (at each joint)

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3
Q

how does degrees of freedom help with learning a new skill

A

when we first learn a skill, the most effective solution will involve freezing the degrees of freedom

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4
Q

what is coordination

A

mastering the redundant degrees of freedom

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5
Q

what are the 3 movement constraints

A
  1. organism
  2. task
  3. environment
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6
Q

what are affordances

A

opportunities for action within the environment

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7
Q

what are constraints

A

boundaries or features that limit or enable the motion of the minute parts of the system. constraints allow movement behaviour to emerge

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8
Q

What are coordinative structures

A

functional relationships between parts of the motor system

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9
Q

what is redundancy

A

many different ways to achieve a task

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10
Q

what is motor development

A

the study of the products and underlying processes of motor behaviour changes across the lifespan

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11
Q

what is motor learning

A

the study of the processes involved in the acquisition of a motor skill and the factors that enhance or inhibit an individuals capability to perform a motor skill

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12
Q

what is motor control

A

the study of the neural, physical and behavioural aspects of human movement

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13
Q

what are the 5 motor skill classifications

A
  1. skills
  2. fundamental movement skills (FMS)
  3. sports skills
  4. abilities
  5. Fishermans taxonomy
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14
Q

what are skills

A

voluntary, goal orientated movements that have been learned or relearned

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15
Q

what are the two aspects of FMS

A
  1. object control
  2. locomotion
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16
Q

what are the 3 aspects of sports skills

A
  1. cognitive skills
  2. perceptual skills
  3. motor skills
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17
Q

what are abilities

A

generally genetically predetermined characteristics that affect performance

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18
Q

what is Fishermans taxonomy and what is it made up of

A

system for classification
1. perceptual motor abilities
a. control precision
b. rate control
c. response orientation
2. physical proficiency
a. balance
b. explosive strength
c. endurance

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19
Q

what are the two skills that are caused by environmental predictability

A
  1. open skills
  2. closed skills
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20
Q

what are the two skills that are caused by movement precision

A
  1. fine motor skills -> performed with the distal ends of your segments
  2. gross motor skills -> performed by large segments of the Body
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21
Q

what are the three natures of skills

A
  1. continuous skills
  2. discrete skills
  3. serial skills
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22
Q

what are the two skills that are time constraint taxonomy

A
  1. self-paced skills
  2. externally paced skills
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23
Q

what are the three categories of the comprehensive physical-motor assessment

A
  1. Biological growth
  2. development (level of functioning)
  3. motor behaviour (performance)
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24
Q

what does assessment mean

A

measurement + evaluation

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25
Q

what does measurement mean

A

collection of information

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26
Q

what does evaluation mean

A

determining the worth or value of measurements made

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27
Q

what does norm reference standards mean

A

hierarchal ordering

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28
Q

what does criterion-referenced standards mean

A

performance relative to external standard

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29
Q

what is assessed in developmental studies typically FMS

A

competence

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30
Q

what are the two ways physical/motor competence can be assessed

A
  1. product (outcome) orientated
  2. process orientated
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31
Q

what does product assessment measure

A

outcome, for example how many times you can do something or how fast

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32
Q

what does process assessments measure

A

the form or technique

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33
Q

what are two important consideration to have when assessing motor development

A
  1. validity
  2. reliability
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34
Q

what does validity mean

A

are you measuring what you want to measure

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35
Q

what does reliability mean

A

is the assessment tool able to give the same results across multiple measurements

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36
Q

how could we measure anaerobic capacity

A

Wingate test

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37
Q

how can we measure anaerobic power

A

vertical jump test

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38
Q

3 ways to measure flexibility

A
  1. sit and reach
  2. knee to wall
  3. goniometer
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39
Q

how to measure agility

A

change of direction

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40
Q

3 ways to measure posture

A
  1. balance
  2. FMS
  3. technique analysis
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41
Q

3 ways to measure aerobic capacity

A
  1. step up test
  2. VO2 max test
  3. submit VO2 test
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42
Q

what is the newborn physical assessment called

A

APGAR scale

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43
Q

what are the 5 categories in the APGAR scale

A
  1. appearance (skin colour)
  2. pulse (rate)
  3. grimace (reflexive grimace initiated by stimulating the plantar surface of the foot)
  4. activity (muscle tone)
  5. respiratory effort (amount of respiratory activity)
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44
Q

what are the five subscales of the infant motor assessment product orientated test

A
  1. cognitive
  2. language
  3. motor
  4. social-emotional
  5. adaptive
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45
Q

what is the infant motor assessment that parental self report called

A

affordances in the home for motor development (AHEMD)

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46
Q

what is the movement assessment battery for children described as

A

assessment tool for identifying developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

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47
Q

how many tasks are in the movement assessment battery for children

A

8 tasks

48
Q

what age group is the movement assessment battery for children aimed at and what orientation is it

A

3-16 years - product orientated

49
Q

what age group and what orientation is the test of gross motor development meant for

A

3-11 years - process orientated

50
Q

what does the test of gross motor development assess

A

the sequence and qualitative aspects of motor skills

51
Q

what does the seniors test evaluate

A

the physical function in healthy elderly people but is also used for people with dementia

52
Q

what are the 6 tests used in the seniors test

A
  1. the chair stand test
  2. the biceps curl test
  3. the 6min walk test
  4. the chair sit and reach test
  5. the back scratch test
  6. the 2.45m up and go test
53
Q

what are the four periods in the study of motor development

A
  1. precursor (1787-1928)
  2. maturational period (1928-1946)
  3. normative/descriptive period (1946-1970)
  4. process-orientated period (1970-present)
54
Q

what is growth

A

changes in physical size

55
Q

what does heredity mean

A

qualities fixed at birth guided by genetic structure that account for individual traits

56
Q

what does maturation mean

A

refers to timeline of development of organ systems, physical structures and motor capabilities

57
Q

what does self-organising properties means

A

the ability the perceptual-motor system has to self-select patterns of action (attractors)

58
Q

what does adaption mean

A

persons response to environmental stimuli

59
Q

what does readiness mean

A

combination of maturation and experience

60
Q

what are the 5 stages in the developmental continuum

A
  1. prenatal
  2. infancy/early childhood/later childhood
  3. adolescence
  4. adulthood
  5. older adulthood
61
Q

what are the 7 phases on the developmental continuum

A
  1. reflexive/spontaneous
  2. rudimentary
  3. fundamental movement
  4. sport skill
  5. growth and refinement
  6. peak performance
  7. regression
62
Q

what are the three components to the skeletal system

A
  1. cartilage
  2. bone
  3. joints
63
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic
64
Q

what are the 4 roles of bones

A
  1. protection
  2. support
  3. storage
  4. leverage for movement
65
Q

what are the two types of joints

A
  1. synarthrosis joints
  2. diarthrosis joints
66
Q

what are the 6 changes that happen to cartilage with age

A
  1. cellular matrix changes
  2. less effective repair ability
  3. cross linage of collagen and protein
  4. increased calcification of cartilage
  5. loss of water concentration
  6. increased fibrillation
67
Q

at what prenatal week do bones form and what do they form from

A

week 5 from stem cells

68
Q

what affects long bone growth

A

mechanical stimulation of the epiphyseal plates

69
Q

when does rapid bone growth happen and due to what

A

ages 1-4 and during puberty due to testosterone

70
Q

when does peak height velocity occur

A

12.5 years in males
13.5 years in females due to puberty

71
Q

at what age do the epiphyseal plates close

A

25 years

72
Q

at what age is there maximal bone max

A

30 years

73
Q

what is osteopenia

A

components of bone fail to develop

74
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies

75
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

decreased formation of new bone

76
Q

what prenatal week are myotubes formed

A

5 weeks

77
Q

what type of fibres do primary myotubes turn into

A

type one

78
Q

what type of fibres do secondary myotubes turn into

A

type 2

79
Q

when do muscles mature

A

childhood

80
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

loss of muscle mass

81
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

82
Q

what is axon pruning

A

trimming of extraneous axon connections

83
Q

at what prenatal week is the initial formation of the CNS

A

3 weeks

84
Q

at what prenatal week do motor nerve fibres appear

A

4 weeks

85
Q

what are the 3 critical periods of the CNS and PNS

A

6-10 years
10-12 years
18 years

86
Q

what 3 things can development and maturation lead to

A
  1. coordination
  2. control
  3. skill
87
Q

what does lifespan perceptual-motor development alter

A

movement variability

88
Q

what is movement variability

A

normal variations that occur in motor performance both within and between trials

89
Q

what happens to motor neuron and grey and white matter in elderly

A

loss of motor neuron and reduced grey and white matter

90
Q

what happens to reaction time and variability of reaction time as we get older

A

reaction time quickens and the variability of reaction time goes down

91
Q

what is central processing time and what happens to it with age

A

how long it takes for people to process the information and create an action - this increases with age

92
Q

4 reasons why children are slower at processing information

A
  1. slower nerve conduction speed
  2. slower central information-processing
  3. lack of task specific strategies and knowledge
  4. non-central factors (psychological)
93
Q

when do adolescents spurt in strength

A

1 year before PHV

94
Q

why can young girls balance better than young boys

A

related to early maturation in the brain that relates to balance

95
Q

between what ages do children navigate a critical period of perceptual motor development

A

6-8 years

96
Q

what is physical literacy

A

the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain physical activity throughout the life course

97
Q

reflexes are a primary mode of what

A

stimulating the CNS/PNS and engaging exploration of the perceptual motor landscape

98
Q

what are the three types of reflexes and what do they do

A

primitive - enable survival type behaviours
postural - enable movement against gravity and being upright
locomotive - help us move around in our environment

99
Q

what are three primitive reflexes

A

suckling
rooting
grasping

100
Q

what are 4 postural reflexes

A
  1. head and body righting
  2. labyrinthine righting reflex
  3. pull-up reflex
  4. parachute reflexes
101
Q

2 locomotor reflexes

A
  1. crawling
  2. stepping
102
Q

3 rudimentary behaviours

A
  1. prehension
  2. manipulation
  3. manual control
103
Q

what are the 4 foundations of physical literacy

A
  1. monism -> moves away from dualistic approach
  2. encompasses doing, interpreting, responding and understanding
  3. signals an interplay with our surroundings
  4. has non-exclusive connotations, indicating that everyone can achieve physical literacy
104
Q

what are the 7 properties of physical literacy

A
  1. progression/developmental pathway
  2. target audience
  3. holistic concept
  4. related constructs
  5. physical capabilities
  6. affective
  7. cognitive
105
Q

what are the 6 types of cerebral palsy

A
  1. spastic
  2. dyskinetic
  3. ataxic
  4. quadriplegia
  5. diplegia
  6. hemiplegia
106
Q

what limbs does quadriplegia affect

A

both legs and arms

107
Q

what limbs does diplegia affect

A

both legs

108
Q

what are the two forms of down syndrome

A
  1. trisomy
  2. mosaic
109
Q

what limbs does hemiplegia affect

A

arm and leg on same side of body

110
Q

what does dyskinetic cause

A

involuntary movements

111
Q

what does ataxic cause

A

shaky movements

112
Q

what is trisomy

A

extra chromosomes in all of the cells

113
Q

what is mosaic

A

extra genetic material in some of the cells

114
Q

what are the 7 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. akinesia
  2. bradykinesia
  3. hypokinesia
  4. postural instability
  5. rigidity
  6. stooped posture
  7. tremor at rest
115
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

paralysis, spasticity or tremors resulting from damage to the cerebral cortex

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