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202 > Motor control > Flashcards

Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of human movement

A
  1. unique
  2. consistent
  3. flexible
  4. modifiable
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2
Q

what are the 3 types of movement

A
  1. sequential/serial
  2. discrete
  3. continuous
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3
Q

what are sequential/serial movements

A

group of discrete skills to make a new and complex movement

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4
Q

what are discrete movements

A

brief, well-defined actions with a clear beginning and end with a single goal

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5
Q

what are continuous movements

A

the skills is repeated like a cycle

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6
Q

what is coordination

A

the function of constraining the components of the motor system into a behavioural unit

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7
Q

what is control

A

the function of determining the acceptable parameters for the coordinative structures

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8
Q

what is skill

A

the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviour

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9
Q

what is feedback control

A

use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement

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10
Q

what is feedforward control

A

movements made based on predictions

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11
Q

what is anticipatory postural adjustments APA

A

preparatory development of muscle tone and coordination to enable effective future movement

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12
Q

what is compensatory/integrative postural adjustments (CPA/IPA)

A

muscle actions that enable continued effective behaviour

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13
Q

what is open loop control

A

movement executive sends a command to the effectors, no use of sensory information to guide movement

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14
Q

what is closed-loop control

A

sensory information from the effectors is fed back to the executive to inform the control centre about the movement

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15
Q

what does Sherrington predict about reflexes

A

reflexes from the basis of all movements

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16
Q

what are three limitations of reflex theories

A
  1. don’t allow for proactive action
  2. poor account for open loop control
  3. some movements don’t require afferent (sensory input)
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17
Q

according to hierarchal theories suggest about the CNS

A

higher CNS = voluntary actions
lower CNS = more automatic actions

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18
Q

what control of hierarchal theories of motor control have

A

top down control (cerebral cortex)

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19
Q

what are hierarchal theories of motor control

A

perceive -> decide -> act

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20
Q

what do Generalised motor programs (GMP) include

A
  1. invariant parameters
    - relative sequences of sub-movements
    - relative timing
    - relative forces
  2. variant parameters
    - specific motor nits
    - absolute timing
    - absolute forces
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21
Q

what do schemas provide

A

schemas provide the scale of parameters for action

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22
Q

what is a motor response schema

A

relationship between motor response and outcome

23
Q

what is a recognition schema

A

relationship between sensory experience and outcome

24
Q

what type of theories are generalised motor programs and schemas

A

hierarchal theories

25
Q

what are 2 limitations of hierarchical theories

A
  1. cannot explain how direct perception works
  2. cannot explain self-organising systems
26
Q

who are the two contributors of ecological theories of motor control

A
  1. Gibson (1966)
  2. Bernstein (1967)
27
Q

what are 3 assumptions of ecological theories of motor control

A
  1. human movement control is complex and dynamic
  2. human perceptual-motor system is capable of self-organising via interacting constraints
  3. perception of affordances is direct via energy flows
28
Q

what are 7 central ideas in ecological theories

A
  1. perceptual motor landscape
  2. self-organisation
  3. attractors
  4. order parameters
  5. control parameters
  6. stability/instability
  7. hysteresis
29
Q

what is perceptual-motor landscape

A

a manifold of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual

30
Q

what is self-organisation

A

a natural tendency for the human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors

31
Q

what are attractors

A

stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the human perceptual motor system

32
Q

what are order parameters

A

collective behaviour of the systems many components

33
Q

what are control parameters

A

a parameter of internal or external origin that when manipulated controls the system in a nonspecific fashion

34
Q

what is stability/instability

A

a qualitative state describing the tendency of a system to remain in a particular pattern of organisation or not

35
Q

what is hysteresis

A

the tendency to remain in the current basin of attraction as the control parameter is increased or decreased

36
Q

what are three broad categories of experimental methods

A
  1. mechanical
  2. electrical
  3. metabolic
37
Q

what is mechanical experimental method

A

joint/segment motion, control of force, movement success, interactions between person and environment

38
Q

what is electrical experimental methods

A

electromyography (EMG) electroencephalography (EEG)

39
Q

what is metabolic experimental method

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET)

40
Q

what are sensory receptors

A

specialised cells form sense organs that are sensitive to different forms of energy

41
Q

what are the 4 categories of human sensory receptors and what are there functions

A
  1. mechanoreceptor - movement
  2. chemoreceptor - chemicals
  3. thermorecpetor - temperature
  4. photoreceptor - light
42
Q

what do receptors do

A

transduce energy into electrochemical signals

43
Q

what is the process of sensation

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. integration
44
Q

what are the 3 main types of receptors

A
  1. interoceptors
  2. proprioceptors
  3. exteroceptors
45
Q

what are interoceptors

A

states of our internal organs

46
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

information about our own movements

47
Q

what are exteroceptors

A

information about the movement of objects in the environment

48
Q

what is proprioception

A

sensation and perception of the position and movement of limbs, head and trunk

49
Q

what are the most important proprioceptors

A

spindles which are parallel to muscle fibres

50
Q

when do singles fire

A

when the muscle is stretched

51
Q

what do Golgi tendon organs (GTO) give feedback on

A

tendon stretch

52
Q

what is the response of Golgi tendon organs

A

opposite to muscle spindles: when muscle contracts GTO fires

53
Q

motor control in the central nervous system

A

202 (3 decks)

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