Motor control Flashcards
what are the 4 characteristics of human movement
- unique
- consistent
- flexible
- modifiable
what are the 3 types of movement
- sequential/serial
- discrete
- continuous
what are sequential/serial movements
group of discrete skills to make a new and complex movement
what are discrete movements
brief, well-defined actions with a clear beginning and end with a single goal
what are continuous movements
the skills is repeated like a cycle
what is coordination
the function of constraining the components of the motor system into a behavioural unit
what is control
the function of determining the acceptable parameters for the coordinative structures
what is skill
the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviour
what is feedback control
use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement
what is feedforward control
movements made based on predictions
what is anticipatory postural adjustments APA
preparatory development of muscle tone and coordination to enable effective future movement
what is compensatory/integrative postural adjustments (CPA/IPA)
muscle actions that enable continued effective behaviour
what is open loop control
movement executive sends a command to the effectors, no use of sensory information to guide movement
what is closed-loop control
sensory information from the effectors is fed back to the executive to inform the control centre about the movement
what does Sherrington predict about reflexes
reflexes from the basis of all movements
what are three limitations of reflex theories
- don’t allow for proactive action
- poor account for open loop control
- some movements don’t require afferent (sensory input)
according to hierarchal theories suggest about the CNS
higher CNS = voluntary actions
lower CNS = more automatic actions
what control of hierarchal theories of motor control have
top down control (cerebral cortex)
what are hierarchal theories of motor control
perceive -> decide -> act
what do Generalised motor programs (GMP) include
- invariant parameters
- relative sequences of sub-movements
- relative timing
- relative forces - variant parameters
- specific motor nits
- absolute timing
- absolute forces
what do schemas provide
schemas provide the scale of parameters for action
what is a motor response schema
relationship between motor response and outcome
what is a recognition schema
relationship between sensory experience and outcome
what type of theories are generalised motor programs and schemas
hierarchal theories
what are 2 limitations of hierarchical theories
- cannot explain how direct perception works
- cannot explain self-organising systems
who are the two contributors of ecological theories of motor control
- Gibson (1966)
- Bernstein (1967)
what are 3 assumptions of ecological theories of motor control
- human movement control is complex and dynamic
- human perceptual-motor system is capable of self-organising via interacting constraints
- perception of affordances is direct via energy flows
what are 7 central ideas in ecological theories
- perceptual motor landscape
- self-organisation
- attractors
- order parameters
- control parameters
- stability/instability
- hysteresis
what is perceptual-motor landscape
a manifold of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual
what is self-organisation
a natural tendency for the human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors
what are attractors
stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the human perceptual motor system
what are order parameters
collective behaviour of the systems many components
what are control parameters
a parameter of internal or external origin that when manipulated controls the system in a nonspecific fashion
what is stability/instability
a qualitative state describing the tendency of a system to remain in a particular pattern of organisation or not
what is hysteresis
the tendency to remain in the current basin of attraction as the control parameter is increased or decreased
what are three broad categories of experimental methods
- mechanical
- electrical
- metabolic
what is mechanical experimental method
joint/segment motion, control of force, movement success, interactions between person and environment
what is electrical experimental methods
electromyography (EMG) electroencephalography (EEG)
what is metabolic experimental method
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET)
what are sensory receptors
specialised cells form sense organs that are sensitive to different forms of energy
what are the 4 categories of human sensory receptors and what are there functions
- mechanoreceptor - movement
- chemoreceptor - chemicals
- thermorecpetor - temperature
- photoreceptor - light
what do receptors do
transduce energy into electrochemical signals
what is the process of sensation
- reception
- transduction
- transmission
- integration
what are the 3 main types of receptors
- interoceptors
- proprioceptors
- exteroceptors
what are interoceptors
states of our internal organs
what are proprioceptors
information about our own movements
what are exteroceptors
information about the movement of objects in the environment
what is proprioception
sensation and perception of the position and movement of limbs, head and trunk
what are the most important proprioceptors
spindles which are parallel to muscle fibres
when do singles fire
when the muscle is stretched
what do Golgi tendon organs (GTO) give feedback on
tendon stretch
what is the response of Golgi tendon organs
opposite to muscle spindles: when muscle contracts GTO fires
motor control in the central nervous system
