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PSY2003 > Motor disorders > Flashcards

Motor disorders Flashcards

1
Q

a particular condition of damage to motor control structures (usually motor cortex) =

A

cerebral palsy

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2
Q

what are some of the symptoms of cerebral palsy?

A

stiffness/weakness in muscles

poor coordination

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3
Q

what motor neurons does cerebral palsy affect?

A

upper

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4
Q

why is the cortex one of the most vulnerable structures?

A

because it develops last

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5
Q

when does cerebral palsy occur?

A

prenatally or perinatally (lack of oxygen at birth causes damage to motor cortex)

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6
Q

how many cases of cerebral palsy are associated with premature birth?

A

about 50%

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7
Q

cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children affecting __/1000 births

A

2

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8
Q

other than cerebral palsy what else results from damage to motor cortex?

A

stroke

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9
Q

interruption of blood supply that supplied motor cortex =

A

stroke

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10
Q

what neurons are affected by a stroke?

A

upper motor neurons

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11
Q

what artery is usually blocked during a stroke that tends to effects muscles of control to arm and speech?

A

middle cerebral artery

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12
Q

why is assessing the ‘true’ impact of brain damage on cognitive function difficult when motor cortex is affected?

A

impaired motor control can be wrongly interpreted as reflecting impaired cognition, due to behaviour like speech and communication involving movement.

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13
Q

cognitive dysfunction occurs in less than __% of children affected by cerebral palsy

A

50 (there is a misjudgement that theres a cognitive deficit when it is actually just impaired motor control)

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14
Q

knowing that you did something in the world =

A

agency of action

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15
Q

what brain areas know about what is happening in the world, monitors actions, plays a key part in computing ‘sense of agency’?

A

parietal areas

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16
Q

what brain areas develop motor plans for voluntary action?

A

frontal areas

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17
Q

there is a connection between _____ areas and ______ association areas to understand what you are trying to do and how it links physically to the world

A

frontal, parietal

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18
Q

what happens in diseases where there is disruption of normal basal ganglia function?

A

inability to appropriately select sequences of movement

involuntary jerky sudden movements

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19
Q

what diseases are affected by basal ganglia dysfunction?

A 
parkinson's
huntington's 
tourette's
tartive dyskinesia
hemiballismus
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20
Q

what is the 2nd most common neurodegenerative disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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21
Q

affects _/1000 people, 1/__ in over 60s and 1/__ over 80s

A

3, 100, 25

22
Q

does parkinson’s affect more males or females?

A

more males

23
Q

is there a cure to parkinson’s?

A

no but some semi effective treatments

24
Q

what percentage of cases of parkinson’s occur due to mutation of one of several genes?

A

10%

25
Q

what are some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A 
paucity of spontaneous movement
bradykinesia (slow movement)
akinesia (no movement)
rigid muscles
resting tremor
shuffling gait/flexed posture
impaired balance
mask like expression
26
Q

what causes parkinson’s?

A

no dopaminergic input from substantia nigra > striatum isn’t transiently excited > globas pallidus is tonically active > thalamus and cortex are inhibited

27
Q

what is the main treatment for Parkinson’s?

A

try increase levels of dopamine to try restore and excite the pathway that allows disinhibition (works by enabling globas pallidus to be off sometimes)

28
Q

what are the limitations of dopamine supply as a treatment for parkinson’s?

A

dopaminergic cells are dying

can’t just give dopamine as doesn’t cross the BBB

29
Q

give some examples of dopamine treatments for parkinson’s

A

apomorphine (dopamine agonist)
deprenyl
cannabis

30
Q

another treatment for parkinson’s is d___ b____ s_______

A

deep brain stimulation

31
Q

interferes with activity in the globes pallidus so the basal ganglia is way more sensitive to the smallest of signals = what treatment?

A

deep brain stimulation

32
Q

how does deep brain stimulation physically work?

A

tiny electrodes surgically implanted into the brain and electrical signals delivered to targeted deep brain structures

33
Q

used to help control tremors and chronic movement disorders = which treatment?

A

deep brain stimulation

34
Q

there is a lot of _______ with deep brain stimulation effectiveness

A

variability

35
Q

what may the variability in effectiveness of deep brain stimulation be due to?

A

variations in causal pathways for parkinson’s disease

36
Q

what disorder affects the whole command chain from cortex to muscle and both upper and lower motor neurons?

A

motor neuron disease

37
Q

what are features of motor neuron disease

A 
affects motor neurons
degenerative
progressive paralysis of movement
can't be cured
muscle wasting
38
Q

what is ALS?

A

a form of motor disease

39
Q

what is the difference between a normal neuron and a diseased neuron?

A

diseased neuron is degenerating > leads to muscle wasting because they are not being stimulated > loss of muscle tone

40
Q

is incidence of motor neuron disease more common in men or women?

A

men

41
Q

___ per 100,000 per year in men, ___ per 100,000 per year in women (motor neuron disease)

A

3.9, 2.6

42
Q

what is a strong modulator of getting motor neuron disease?

A

age! (rare to get it before 40)

43
Q

there is high ________ in symptoms, rate of progression and life expectancy in motor neuron disease

A

variability

44
Q

what are distinctions of subtypes of motor neuron disease related to?

A

either upper or lower motor neurons or both

45
Q

which motor neurons does ALS affect?

A

both upper and lower

46
Q

are there cognitive deficits with motor neuron disorder?

A

yes but only a mild symptom so it’s the ability to communicate that is more of the issue

47
Q

what is a strong indicator of motor neuron disease?

A

thenar atrophy (wasting of big muscle on palm)

48
Q

disorder where the cerebellum is damaged leading to impairment in movement?

A

ataxia

49
Q

what are the 2 types of impairment in ataxia?

A

disturbances of posture/gait

decomposition of movement

50
Q

list the symptoms of ataxia

A 
loss of fluid voluntary movement
mechanical/slow/robot-like
intention tremor
drunkeness like
dysarthria
51
Q

disruption of fine control of speech (slurring) =

A

dysarthria

PSY2003 (8 decks)

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