Motor Development: theories and principles Flashcards
Term: a change in the child that occurs over time; changes follow an orderly pattern that moves toward greater complexity and enhances survival
Child development
Define the periods of development:
- Prenatal period
- Infancy and toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Prenatal period: from conception to birth
- Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 years
- Early childhood: 2-6 y/o
- Middle childhood: 6-12 y/o
- Adolescence: 12-19 y/o
Domain of Development: body size and proportions, appearance, brain development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health
Physical domain
Domain of Development: thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday knowledge, metacognition, and language
Cognitive domain
Domain of Development: self-knowledge (self-esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding others, interpersonal skills and friendships
Social/emotional domain
Term: an orderly set of ideas which describe, explain, and predict behavior
Theory
What are the 3 major theoretic approaches for motor development theories?
Neural-Maturationist
Cognitive
Dynamical Systems
Theory: belief that heredity and innate biological processes govern growth
Biological theories
Theory: assumes a hierarchical nature of nervous system maturation
- attributes normal motor development to increasing corticalization of the CNS
- functional behaviors appear as the nervous system matures
- development is build upon reflexes
Neural-maturationist theory
In the neural-maturationist theory, the cortex is associated with _____________ reactions and ___________ function.
equilibrium, bipedal
In the neural-maturationist theory, the midbrain is associated with ____________ reactions and __________ function.
righting, quadrupedal
In the neural-maturationist theory, the brainstem and spinal cord are associated with ___________ reflex and __________ function.
primitive, apedal
T/F: pediatric PT was developed according to the neural-maturationist theoretic model.
True
Term/Theory: examines how behavior is determined by a species’ need for survival
- describes a “critical period” or sensitive period” for learning
- emphasizes genetic and biological roots of development, but learning is also important b/c it lends flexibility and adaptiveness to behavior
Ethology
Theory: attachment between an infant and her caregiver can insure the infant’s survival
Attachment theory
Theory: beliefs that describe how children learn
Cognitive theories
Name the 2 main cognitive theories.
Behavior (Skinner)
Piagetian
Theory: development occurs through interaction between the individual and environment
- contingency learning and positive reinforcement
- Pavlovian conditioning
Behavior theory (Skinner)
Theory: development occurs through interaction between cognitive-neural striation and environmental opportunities
Piagetian
Theory: children “construct” their understanding of the world through their active involvement and interactions
Cognitive development theory (Piaget)
Name Piaget’s 4 Cognitive Development Stages.
Sensori-motor
Pre-operation
Concrete operations
Formal operations