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Peds Midterm > Development of Postural Control > Flashcards

Development of Postural Control Flashcards

1
Q

Term: predictive movements in response to a stimuli

A

Reflexes

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2
Q

Almost all reflexes should be integrated by ____ to ____ months.

A

9 to 12

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3
Q

Name 3 conditions that have retention of primitive reflexes.

deficiency in the brain that affects the normal development of motor control

A

CP
TBI
Genetic syndromes

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4
Q

Emergence of postural control is ascribed to complex interactions between _______ and _____________ systems.

A

neural

musculoskeletal

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5
Q

Term: automatic responses to sensory input that act to keep the body parts in alignment, maintain equilibrium and prevent injury
- of primary importance with static and dynamic balance

A

Postural reactions

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6
Q

Postural reactions appear between ____ to ____ months, with few exceptions, persist throughout life.

A

2 to 18

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7
Q

Name the 3 types of postural reactions.

A

Righting (vertical and rotational)
Equilibrium (tilting and postural fixation)
Protective

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8
Q

Term: orientation of the head to vertical OR body parts are restored to normal alignment following rotation

A

Righting reactions (vertical and rotational righting)

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9
Q

Vertical righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.

A

Birth

2 months

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10
Q

Type of Vertical Righting: tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical

A

Optical righting

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11
Q

Type of Vertical Righting: occlude vision and tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical

A

Labyrinthine righting

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12
Q

Rotational righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.

A

4 to 6

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13
Q

Type of Rotational Righting: turn head to one side –> body log rolls

A

Neck righting on body

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14
Q

Type of Rotational Righting: rotate one body segment –> body rolls segmentally
- considered a mature response

A

Body righting on body

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15
Q

Neck righting on body is usually not seen after ____ months.

A

12

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16
Q

Type of Reactions: extension of the limbs when balance is challenged

A

Protective reactions

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17
Q

The downward protective reaction onset is ____ months.

A

4

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18
Q

The forward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

A

6 to 7

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19
Q

The sideways protective reaction onset is ____ months in sitting.

A

7

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20
Q

The backward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months in sitting.

A

9 to 10

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21
Q

Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust feet first toward surface –> extension/abduction of legs

A

Downward

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22
Q

Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust head first toward surface –> extension/abduction of arms

A

Forward

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23
Q

Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently to either side in sitting –> protective extension of one arm in the direction of force

A

Sideways

24
Q

Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently backward –> protective extension of both arms backward

A

Backward

25
Q

Type of Reaction: movements on an unstable base of support – the support surface moves under the body

A

Tilting reactions (under the equilibrium umbrella- total body responses)

26
Q

The prone tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ months.

A

6

27
Q

The supine tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

A

7 to 8

28
Q

The sitting tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

A

7 to 8

29
Q

Type of Reaction: movements on a stable base of support– the body moves over the support surface

A

Postural fixation (under the equilibrium reactions umbrella)

30
Q

The quadruped postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months

A

9 to 12

31
Q

The standing postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to _____ months.

A

12 to 21

32
Q

Type of tilting reaction: child tilted laterally –> spinal concavity and extension/abduction of limbs on the elevated side, rotation of head and upper trunk toward midline and protective extension on downward side may occur

A

Prone tilting reaction (equilibrium)

33
Q

Name the 2 main postural adjustments.

A

Reactive

Anticipatory

34
Q

Type of Postural Adjustment: appropriate muscle response to perturbation; closed loop

A

Reactive postural adjustments

35
Q

Type of Postural Adjustment: cognitive process for predicting postural requirements and selecting timely anticipatory motor strategies; open loop

A

Anticipatory postural adjustments

36
Q

T/F: reactive and anticipatory postural adjustments emerge in parallel during development

A

True

37
Q

Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Head control in prone:
-lifts head to 45 deg
-lifts head to 90 deg

A
  • 2 mo

- 4 mo

38
Q

Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Head control in supine:
-maintains in midline
-lifts

A
  • 2 mo

- 6 mo

39
Q

Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Rolling
-prone to supine without rotation
-prone to supine with rotation

A
  • 4 to 6 mo

- 6 to 9 mo

40
Q

Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Rolling
-supine to prone without rotation
-supine to prone with rotation

A
  • 5 to 7 mo

- 6 to 9 mo

41
Q 
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Sitting
-unsustained with arm support
-sustained with arm support
-unsustained without arm support
-sustained without arm support
A
  • 4 to 5 mo
  • 5 to 6 mo
  • 6 to 7 mo
  • 7 to 9 mo
42
Q 
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Mobility
-crawling
-creeping
-cruising
-walking
A
  • 7 to 9 mo
  • 9 to 11 mo
  • 9 to 13 mo
  • 12 to 14 mo
43
Q

Name 5 characteristics of immature movement patterns.

- indicate neurological problems

A 
Inconsistency
Preservation: tendency to repeat a particular response
Mirroring
Asymmetry
Loss of dynamic balance
Falling after performance
Extraneous movements
Inability to maintain rhythm or pattern
Inability to control force
Inappropriate motor planning
44
Q

A delay in motor development occurs if primitive reflexes do not appear in the first ____ of life. Or if primitive reflexes appear, but do not disappear by the end of the first ____ of life.

A

year

year

45
Q

A delay in motor development occurs if equilibrium reactions do not appear by the end of the first ____ of life. Or if equilibrium reactions do not persist throughout life.

A

year

46
Q

Name the 3 main components of the sensory system.

A

Visual
Vestibular
Somatosensory

47
Q

Sensory System: feedback (closed-loop) correction and feedforward (open-loop or anticipatory) control

A

Vision

48
Q

Sensory System: body positioning and righting

A

Somatosensory

49
Q

Sensory System: regulates head control and references gravitational forces

A

Vestibular

50
Q

Postural reactions of the head are seen as early as ____ postnatal days in supported sitting.

A

3

51
Q

Sway in response to looming visual stimulus in independent sitting is seen at ____ to ____ months.

A

11 to 16

52
Q

Postural responses to looming visual stimulus in supported stance are seen as early as ____ months.

A

5

53
Q

Reactive, directional muscle responses emerge at age ____ to ____ months in sitting (trunk muscles), and age ____ to ____ months in standing (ankle muscles).

A

4 to 5

7 to 9

54
Q

Ability to maintain standing after perturbation occurs at ____ to ____ months.

A

14 to 15

55
Q

6 Important Milestones in Development of Postural Control

  • 2 months
  • 6 to 7 months
  • 8 to 10 months
  • 9 to 10 months
  • 12 to 13 months
  • 14 to 16 months
A
  • maintain head at 45 deg
  • sit independently
  • creep
  • stand while holding object
  • stand independently
  • walk

Peds Midterm (8 decks)

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