Development of Postural Control Flashcards
Term: predictive movements in response to a stimuli
Reflexes
Almost all reflexes should be integrated by ____ to ____ months.
9 to 12
Name 3 conditions that have retention of primitive reflexes.
deficiency in the brain that affects the normal development of motor control
CP
TBI
Genetic syndromes
Emergence of postural control is ascribed to complex interactions between _______ and _____________ systems.
neural
musculoskeletal
Term: automatic responses to sensory input that act to keep the body parts in alignment, maintain equilibrium and prevent injury
- of primary importance with static and dynamic balance
Postural reactions
Postural reactions appear between ____ to ____ months, with few exceptions, persist throughout life.
2 to 18
Name the 3 types of postural reactions.
Righting (vertical and rotational)
Equilibrium (tilting and postural fixation)
Protective
Term: orientation of the head to vertical OR body parts are restored to normal alignment following rotation
Righting reactions (vertical and rotational righting)
Vertical righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.
Birth
2 months
Type of Vertical Righting: tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical
Optical righting
Type of Vertical Righting: occlude vision and tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical
Labyrinthine righting
Rotational righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.
4 to 6
Type of Rotational Righting: turn head to one side –> body log rolls
Neck righting on body
Type of Rotational Righting: rotate one body segment –> body rolls segmentally
- considered a mature response
Body righting on body
Neck righting on body is usually not seen after ____ months.
12
Type of Reactions: extension of the limbs when balance is challenged
Protective reactions
The downward protective reaction onset is ____ months.
4
The forward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.
6 to 7
The sideways protective reaction onset is ____ months in sitting.
7
The backward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months in sitting.
9 to 10
Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust feet first toward surface –> extension/abduction of legs
Downward
Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust head first toward surface –> extension/abduction of arms
Forward
Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently to either side in sitting –> protective extension of one arm in the direction of force
Sideways
Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently backward –> protective extension of both arms backward
Backward
Type of Reaction: movements on an unstable base of support – the support surface moves under the body
Tilting reactions (under the equilibrium umbrella- total body responses)
The prone tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ months.
6
The supine tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.
7 to 8
The sitting tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.
7 to 8
Type of Reaction: movements on a stable base of support– the body moves over the support surface
Postural fixation (under the equilibrium reactions umbrella)
The quadruped postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months
9 to 12
The standing postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to _____ months.
12 to 21
Type of tilting reaction: child tilted laterally –> spinal concavity and extension/abduction of limbs on the elevated side, rotation of head and upper trunk toward midline and protective extension on downward side may occur
Prone tilting reaction (equilibrium)
Name the 2 main postural adjustments.
Reactive
Anticipatory
Type of Postural Adjustment: appropriate muscle response to perturbation; closed loop
Reactive postural adjustments
Type of Postural Adjustment: cognitive process for predicting postural requirements and selecting timely anticipatory motor strategies; open loop
Anticipatory postural adjustments
T/F: reactive and anticipatory postural adjustments emerge in parallel during development
True
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Head control in prone:
-lifts head to 45 deg
-lifts head to 90 deg
- 2 mo
- 4 mo
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Head control in supine:
-maintains in midline
-lifts
- 2 mo
- 6 mo
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Rolling
-prone to supine without rotation
-prone to supine with rotation
- 4 to 6 mo
- 6 to 9 mo
Name the age in months for the motor milestone.
Rolling
-supine to prone without rotation
-supine to prone with rotation
- 5 to 7 mo
- 6 to 9 mo
Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Sitting -unsustained with arm support -sustained with arm support -unsustained without arm support -sustained without arm support
- 4 to 5 mo
- 5 to 6 mo
- 6 to 7 mo
- 7 to 9 mo
Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Mobility -crawling -creeping -cruising -walking
- 7 to 9 mo
- 9 to 11 mo
- 9 to 13 mo
- 12 to 14 mo
Name 5 characteristics of immature movement patterns.
- indicate neurological problems
Inconsistency Preservation: tendency to repeat a particular response Mirroring Asymmetry Loss of dynamic balance Falling after performance Extraneous movements Inability to maintain rhythm or pattern Inability to control force Inappropriate motor planning
A delay in motor development occurs if primitive reflexes do not appear in the first ____ of life. Or if primitive reflexes appear, but do not disappear by the end of the first ____ of life.
year
year
A delay in motor development occurs if equilibrium reactions do not appear by the end of the first ____ of life. Or if equilibrium reactions do not persist throughout life.
year
Name the 3 main components of the sensory system.
Visual
Vestibular
Somatosensory
Sensory System: feedback (closed-loop) correction and feedforward (open-loop or anticipatory) control
Vision
Sensory System: body positioning and righting
Somatosensory
Sensory System: regulates head control and references gravitational forces
Vestibular
Postural reactions of the head are seen as early as ____ postnatal days in supported sitting.
3
Sway in response to looming visual stimulus in independent sitting is seen at ____ to ____ months.
11 to 16
Postural responses to looming visual stimulus in supported stance are seen as early as ____ months.
5
Reactive, directional muscle responses emerge at age ____ to ____ months in sitting (trunk muscles), and age ____ to ____ months in standing (ankle muscles).
4 to 5
7 to 9
Ability to maintain standing after perturbation occurs at ____ to ____ months.
14 to 15
6 Important Milestones in Development of Postural Control
- 2 months
- 6 to 7 months
- 8 to 10 months
- 9 to 10 months
- 12 to 13 months
- 14 to 16 months
- maintain head at 45 deg
- sit independently
- creep
- stand while holding object
- stand independently
- walk
