Development of Postural Control

Question 1

Term: predictive movements in response to a stimuli

Answer 1

Reflexes

Question 2

Almost all reflexes should be integrated by ____ to ____ months.

Answer 2

9 to 12

Question 3

Name 3 conditions that have retention of primitive reflexes.

deficiency in the brain that affects the normal development of motor control

Answer 3

CP
TBI
Genetic syndromes

Question 4

Emergence of postural control is ascribed to complex interactions between _______ and _____________ systems.

Answer 4

neural

musculoskeletal

Question 5

Term: automatic responses to sensory input that act to keep the body parts in alignment, maintain equilibrium and prevent injury
- of primary importance with static and dynamic balance

Answer 5

Postural reactions

Question 6

Postural reactions appear between ____ to ____ months, with few exceptions, persist throughout life.

Answer 6

2 to 18

Question 7

Name the 3 types of postural reactions.

Answer 7

Righting (vertical and rotational)
Equilibrium (tilting and postural fixation)
Protective

Question 8

Term: orientation of the head to vertical OR body parts are restored to normal alignment following rotation

Answer 8

Righting reactions (vertical and rotational righting)

Question 9

Vertical righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.

Answer 9

Birth

2 months

Question 10

Type of Vertical Righting: tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical

Answer 10

Optical righting

Question 11

Type of Vertical Righting: occlude vision and tip body any direction –> head rights to vertical

Answer 11

Labyrinthine righting

Question 12

Rotational righting onset occurs from ____ to ____ months.

Answer 12

4 to 6

Question 13

Type of Rotational Righting: turn head to one side –> body log rolls

Answer 13

Neck righting on body

Question 14

Type of Rotational Righting: rotate one body segment –> body rolls segmentally
- considered a mature response

Answer 14

Body righting on body

Question 15

Neck righting on body is usually not seen after ____ months.

Answer 15

12

Question 16

Type of Reactions: extension of the limbs when balance is challenged

Answer 16

Protective reactions

Question 17

The downward protective reaction onset is ____ months.

Answer 17

4

Question 18

The forward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

Answer 18

6 to 7

Question 19

The sideways protective reaction onset is ____ months in sitting.

Answer 19

7

Question 20

The backward protective reaction onset is ____ to ____ months in sitting.

Answer 20

9 to 10

Question 21

Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust feet first toward surface –> extension/abduction of legs

Answer 21

Downward

Question 22

Type of Protective Reaction: child thrust head first toward surface –> extension/abduction of arms

Answer 22

Forward

Question 23

Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently to either side in sitting –> protective extension of one arm in the direction of force

Answer 23

Sideways

Question 24

Type of Protective Reaction: child is pushed gently backward –> protective extension of both arms backward

Answer 24

Backward

Question 25

Type of Reaction: movements on an unstable base of support -- the support surface moves under the body

Answer 25

Tilting reactions (under the equilibrium umbrella- total body responses)

Question 26

The prone tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ months.

Answer 26

6

Question 27

The supine tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

Answer 27

7 to 8

Question 28

The sitting tilting/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months.

Answer 28

7 to 8

Question 29

Type of Reaction: movements on a stable base of support-- the body moves over the support surface

Answer 29

Postural fixation (under the equilibrium reactions umbrella)

Question 30

The quadruped postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to ____ months

Answer 30

9 to 12

Question 31

The standing postural fixation/equilibrium reaction onset is ____ to _____ months.

Answer 31

12 to 21

Question 32

Type of tilting reaction: child tilted laterally --> spinal concavity and extension/abduction of limbs on the elevated side, rotation of head and upper trunk toward midline and protective extension on downward side may occur

Answer 32

Prone tilting reaction (equilibrium)

Question 33

Name the 2 main postural adjustments.

Answer 33

Reactive | Anticipatory

Question 34

Type of Postural Adjustment: appropriate muscle response to perturbation; closed loop

Answer 34

Reactive postural adjustments

Question 35

Type of Postural Adjustment: cognitive process for predicting postural requirements and selecting timely anticipatory motor strategies; open loop

Answer 35

Anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 36

T/F: reactive and anticipatory postural adjustments emerge in parallel during development

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Head control in prone: -lifts head to 45 deg -lifts head to 90 deg

Answer 37

- 2 mo | - 4 mo

Question 38

Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Head control in supine: -maintains in midline -lifts

Answer 38

- 2 mo | - 6 mo

Question 39

Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Rolling -prone to supine without rotation -prone to supine with rotation

Answer 39

- 4 to 6 mo | - 6 to 9 mo

Question 40

Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Rolling -supine to prone without rotation -supine to prone with rotation

Answer 40

- 5 to 7 mo | - 6 to 9 mo

Question 41

``` Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Sitting -unsustained with arm support -sustained with arm support -unsustained without arm support -sustained without arm support ```

Answer 41

- 4 to 5 mo - 5 to 6 mo - 6 to 7 mo - 7 to 9 mo

Question 42

``` Name the age in months for the motor milestone. Mobility -crawling -creeping -cruising -walking ```

Answer 42

- 7 to 9 mo - 9 to 11 mo - 9 to 13 mo - 12 to 14 mo

Question 43

Name 5 characteristics of immature movement patterns. | - indicate neurological problems

Answer 43

``` Inconsistency Preservation: tendency to repeat a particular response Mirroring Asymmetry Loss of dynamic balance Falling after performance Extraneous movements Inability to maintain rhythm or pattern Inability to control force Inappropriate motor planning ```

Question 44

A delay in motor development occurs if primitive reflexes do not appear in the first ____ of life. Or if primitive reflexes appear, but do not disappear by the end of the first ____ of life.

Answer 44

year | year

Question 45

A delay in motor development occurs if equilibrium reactions do not appear by the end of the first ____ of life. Or if equilibrium reactions do not persist throughout life.

Answer 45

year

Question 46

Name the 3 main components of the sensory system.

Answer 46

Visual Vestibular Somatosensory

Question 47

Sensory System: feedback (closed-loop) correction and feedforward (open-loop or anticipatory) control

Answer 47

Vision

Question 48

Sensory System: body positioning and righting

Answer 48

Somatosensory

Question 49

Sensory System: regulates head control and references gravitational forces

Answer 49

Vestibular

Question 50

Postural reactions of the head are seen as early as ____ postnatal days in supported sitting.

Answer 50

3

Question 51

Sway in response to looming visual stimulus in independent sitting is seen at ____ to ____ months.

Answer 51

11 to 16

Question 52

Postural responses to looming visual stimulus in supported stance are seen as early as ____ months.

Answer 52

5

Question 53

Reactive, directional muscle responses emerge at age ____ to ____ months in sitting (trunk muscles), and age ____ to ____ months in standing (ankle muscles).

Answer 53

4 to 5 | 7 to 9

Question 54

Ability to maintain standing after perturbation occurs at ____ to ____ months.

Answer 54

14 to 15

Question 55

6 Important Milestones in Development of Postural Control - 2 months - 6 to 7 months - 8 to 10 months - 9 to 10 months - 12 to 13 months - 14 to 16 months

Answer 55

- maintain head at 45 deg - sit independently - creep - stand while holding object - stand independently - walk