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Neurological Conditions > Motor Development > Flashcards

Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

the process of change in behavior or

capacity that relates to the age of the individual

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2
Q

How do normal developmental changes occur?

A

Normal developmental changes typically occur in a positive
direction (abilities are gained with time), but can occur in a
negative direction (speed and accuracy of movement decline
after maturity)

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3
Q

How do older adults perform motor activities?

A

Older adults perform motor activities more slowly and take

longer to learn new motor skills

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4
Q

What occurs before old age?

A

Leveling off of abilities during adulthood (around age 65) can
occur before the decline at old age

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5
Q

What is impaired neuromotor development?

A

infers the opposite

of “normal or typical” development

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6
Q

What is impaired neuromotor development caused by?

A

Generally caused by central and/or peripheral nervous system

damage or dysfunction

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7
Q

What does the life span perspective of motor development include?

A

Life span perspective of motor development includes all
motor changes occurring as a part of the continuous
process of life

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8
Q

How is development divided?

A

Development is generally divided into age-related
segments of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
• Process in not linear, but circular – continuity occurs
from beginning to end

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9
Q

What are the three domains that movement occurs within?

A

physical, psychological, and social

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10
Q

What are core concepts that are relevant to neuromotor development? (6)

A

– Development is life long
– Development is multidimensional
• Fosters and supports intelligence and social interaction
– Development is plastic and flexible
• Change in response to cognitive and social requirements
– Development is influenced by heredity and reflects
individual differences
• Genetic predispositions and timing or rate of maturation
– Development is contextual
• Psychological, social and physical surroundings that encourage
exploration and learning
– Development is embedded in history
• Time person lives, culture, or nature/quality of life’s experiences

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11
Q

What are developmental time periods?

A

Stages of cognition and societal expectations of certain

roles and function are associated with age

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12
Q

When is prenatal?

A

Conception to birth

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13
Q

When is infancy?

A

Birth to 2 years
– Establishes trust and becomes autonomous
– Uses sensory information to cue movement and uses
movement to explore and learn

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14
Q

When is childhood?

A

2 to 10-12 years
– Fosters initiative to plan and execute movement strategies
and solve problems
– Thinking is preoperational with reason centered around
self
– Self-regulation and self-image is learned/established

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15
Q

When is adolescence?

A

10-12 to 18-20 years
– Lasts 8 years regardless of when it begins
– Identity and values of individual are forged
– Physical and social-emotional changes occur
– Cognitively abstract problems can be solved by inductive
and deductive reasoning

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16
Q

When is adulthood?

A 
18-20 years to Death
– One long period of development
• Early adulthood: 18-20 to 40 years
• Middle adulthood: 40 to 70 years
• Older adulthood: 70 years to death
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17
Q

What do impairments in cognitive ability affect?

A

Impairments in cognitive ability affects ability to

learn and move

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18
Q

What comes from intellectual curiosity?

A

Motivation to move comes from intellectual curiosity

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19
Q

What does learning to control environment begin with?

A

Learning to control environment begins with

controlling the body

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20
Q

What do psychological theories reflect?

A

Psychological theories reflect the role movement has
in the development of intelligence, personality, and
perception

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21
Q

Who are some theorists?

A

Piaget, Maslow, and Erikson

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22
Q

How does movement progress?

A

Movements progress from generalized to specific

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23
Q

What is movement?

A

Movement is an interplay between stability and

mobility

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24
Q

What is the right way to move?

A

There is more than one right way to move

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25
Q

What is movement the product of?

A

Movement is the product of multiple developing
elements
– Sensation, biomechanics, energy, motivation, cognition,
anthropometric measures, perception, central and
peripheral nervous system processing

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26
Q

What is the dynamic systems theory?

A

Movement emerges from the interaction of multiple body

systems

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27
Q

What is the neuronal group selection theory?

A

Motor skills result from the interaction of developing body

dynamics and the structure/function of the brain

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28
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

grows and develops from a simple
organism to a complex one through progressive
differentiation – occurs in an orderly sequence based
on what has come before
– Head control, rolling, sitting, creeping, and walking (gross
motor milestones)
– Sequences may overlap working on several skill levels at
the same time

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29
Q

Does the lower skill need to be perfect?

A

Lower level skill does not need to be perfect before

moving on to something new

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30
Q

What are the directional concepts of development?

A

cephalic to caudal, proximal to distal, mass to specific, gross to fine

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31
Q

What is cephalic to caudal?

A

• Head control develops, followed by trunk control, upper
extremities, and then lower extremities
• Head control does not need to be perfected before trunk and
body movements – when one part moves, other parts are affected
by that movement

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32
Q

What is proximal to distal?

A

• Body is linked – axis (midline) must provide a stable base for head,
eye, and extremity movements to occur with control
• Controls midline of neck, then trunk, followed by shoulders and
pelvis, and finally arms, legs, hands, and feet

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33
Q

What is mass to specific?

A

(simple to complex)
• Mass is the whole body and specific is smaller parts of the body
• Movement is characterized by mass movements of the trunk and
limbs (moves body as one unit before separating movements)
• Ability to separate movement in one body part from another body
part is “dissociation”
– Mature movements are characterized by dissociation

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34
Q

What is gross to fine?

A

• Large muscle movement to more discrete movement
• Arm and leg thrusts occur in play before infant reaches with a
single limb
• Not all gross motor skills come before fine motor skills

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35
Q

What is reciprocal interweaving?

A

• Reappearance of certain patterns of movement at
different times during the development
• Periods of equilibrium balanced by periods of
disequilibrium

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36
Q

What happens at each stage of development?

A

At each stage of development abilities emerge,

regress, or are replaced

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37
Q

What happens during disequilibrium?

A

During disequilibrium, movement patterns regress to
what they were at an earlier time, but later new
patterns emerge with new control

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38
Q

When do movement patterns appear?

A

Movement patterns appear at different periods

depending on needs

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39
Q

How does motor development occur?

A 
Motor development occurs in two phases of variability
and the mechanism for switching from Phase I to Phase II
is unknown (usually around 18 months of age)
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40
Q

What is phase I?

A

• Motor patterns are extremely variable as mover explores all
kinds of possible movement combinations
• Sensory information generated by these movements
continues to shape the nervous system

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41
Q

What is phase II?

A

• Begins when nervous system is able to make sense of
sensory information produced by movement and selects the
most appropriate motor response for the situation
• Basic motor functions include: posture, locomotion,
reaching , and grasping

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42
Q

What factors affect movement?

A

Factors affecting movement include the biomechanics of the
situation, muscle strength, and the level of neuromuscular
maturation and control

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43
Q

What is physiologic flexion?

A

Full term babies are born with a predominant flexor muscle

tone

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44
Q

What is antigravity extension?

A

As development progresses, active movement towards

extension occurs

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45
Q

When are extensors ready to begin functioning?

A

Extensors are ready to begin functioning before the

shortened flexors

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46
Q

When can lateral trunk flexion and rotation occur?

A

Once antigravity control of the head and trunk is

accomplished, lateral trunk flexion and rotation can occur

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47
Q

What is progression of change in movement patterns for the head and trunk?

A

from physiologic flexion to antigravity extension, to

antigravity flexion, to lateral flexion, and finally rotation

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48
Q

How do extremity movements occur?

A

Extremity movements occur from flexion and adduction to

extension and abduction

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49
Q

What is motor development the result of?

A

growth, maturation, and adaptation

50
Q

What is growth?

A

any increase in dimension or proportion
• Some changes in motor performance can be linked to changes in
body size

51
Q

What is maturation?

A

result of physical changes due to
preprogrammed internal body processes (genetically
guided)

52
Q

What is adaptation?

A

process by which environmental influences
guide growth and development
• Occurs when physical changes are the result of external
stimulation

53
Q

What is a milestone?

A

a significant point in development or a
significant functional ability achieved during the
development process

54
Q

What is the emphasis on milestones?

A

The emphasis on milestones is translated into
addressing a child’s ability to function within their
environment

55
Q

What do functional activities allow the child to do?

A

Functional activities allow the child to access their
environment and independently meet their own
needs

56
Q

Birth-3 month milestones

A

initial flexor tone, begins head control

57
Q

4 month milestones

A

head to 90° in prone, hand to midline

58
Q

5 month milestones

A

head movement into flexion in supine, dissociation

of head and limbs

59
Q

6 month milestones

A

righting reactions, transitional movements

60
Q

7 month milestones

A

unsupported sitting, lateral protective reactions

61
Q

8 month milestones

A

creeping, increased upper extremity strength

62
Q

9 month milestones

A

quadruped position, cruising

63
Q

12 month milestones

A

ambulation, hips and knees in flexion

64
Q

16-18 month milestones

A

arm swing/heelstrike, balance reactions

65
Q

2 year milestones

A

kick a large ball, “true” running

66
Q

4 year milestones

A

galloping, catch a small ball

67
Q

6 year milestones

A

stand on one foot for 10 seconds, developing sports

skills

68
Q

What are gross motors?

A

Gross motor refers to large

muscle movements

69
Q

What are fine motors?

A

Fine motor refers to small

muscle movements

70
Q

What are the most important milestones?

A 
Head control and sitting are
most important milestones
– if unable to control head
and trunk then extremity
movements will be difficult
or impossible
71
Q

What is prehension?

A

the act of grasping

72
Q

What must occur to grasp an object?

A

reaching must occur

73
Q

What do reaching patterns do?

A

Reaching patterns influence the ability of the hand to

grasp objects

74
Q

What is ATNR?

A

Infant first recognizes the hands at 2 months when

they enter the field of vision (ATNR)

75
Q

When does the ability to release a grasped object occur?

A

The ability to release a grasped object occurs as
voluntary control of the wrist, fingers and thumb
extensors develop

76
Q

What are even months associated with?

A 
Important stages in
the first year are
associated with even
months - 4, 6, 8, 10
and 12
77
Q

What are odd months good for?

A 
Odd months are
crucial because they
prepare the infant for
achievement of
control necessary to
attain these
milestones
78
Q

What are righting reactions?

A

Lateral bending in response to a

weight shift

79
Q

What are transitional movements?

A

Movements that allow
change of position – prone to sitting, all fours to
kneeling, or sitting to standing
– Only a few movement transitions take place without
segmental trunk rotation

80
Q

What is sitting?

A

Most functional position of an 8 month old

81
Q

What should be avoided?

A

“W sitting” should be avoided since this causes
developmental movement problems and can lead to
difficulty in learning to use the trunk muscles for balance

82
Q

What is creeping?

A

Simultaneous movements of opposite arm
and leg while maintaining weight on remaining two
extremities
– Primary means of locomotion for several months
– Requires counter-rotation of trunk segments

83
Q

What is cruising?

A

Walking sideways while being supported by

hands or abdomen on a supporting surface

84
Q

What is walking?

A

At 1 year infant becomes toddler and

attempts at forward locomotion occur

85
Q

What about baby walkers?

A

Use of baby walkers too early poses safety concerns and
does not allow sufficient development of upper body and
trunk strength

86
Q

What are some fundamental movement patterns 3-6 years?

A

running,
jumping, hopping, skipping, throwing, catching,
kicking, galloping, and striking

87
Q

What is considered immature?

A

Performance used to meet the minimum standard of
movement is considered immature and can be
improved to acquire a mature performance
– Mature form of running is a sprint

88
Q

What is done at 3 years?

A

At 3 years tandem standing and standing on one leg

for up to three seconds is possible

89
Q

What reaches maturity by age 10?

A

Nervous system reaches maturity by age 10,
however changes in movement patterns do occur in
adolescence and adulthood

90
Q

How do developmental movement patterns trend?

A

Developmental order of movement patterns across
childhood and adolescence trends toward symmetry
and as a person ages more towards asymmetry

91
Q

What is asymmetry due to?

A

Asymmetry may be due to less trunk rotation,

stiffening joints, or decreased muscle strength

92
Q

What is posture?

A

– Ability to maintain an erect posture declines with
advanced age
– Increased thoracic kyphosis and increased or decreased
lumbar lordosis
– Forward head accentuated compensating for increased
thoracic kyphosis and degenerative changes in neck

93
Q

What are postural changes related to?

A

Postural changes may be related to aging process and lack
of movement
• Decreased activity can accentuate age-related postural
changes

94
Q

What is sensory information needed for?

A

to respond quickly to
changes in internal and external environments to maintain
postural balance

95
Q

How does the change in internal and external environments affect balance?

A

• Structural changes to the sensory receptors occurs
decreasing the quality of information relayed
• Decline in the number of sensory receptors
• Awareness of vibration is lessened resulting in increased
postural sway during quiet stance
• Declines in visual acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision,
and ability to adapt to changes in light or dark environments
• Loss of ROM in the ankle limiting sway
• Decreased ability to produce a concentric contraction
(eccentric contraction remains normal)
• Decline in muscle strength begins around age 50 but does
not become functionally important until around 60 (by 80
strength declines accelerate)

96
Q

How does the change in internal and external environments affect gait?

A

– Cadence, velocity, and stride length are decreased and
stride width increased to provide a wider base of support
for better balance
– Gait changes may be due to age-related musculoskeletal
changes and deterioration of the sensorimotor system
– Creates difficulties in functional movements (stepping
over objects or ascending and descending stairs)
– Decreased step length increases probability of stepping on
object thereby increasing risk for fall

97
Q

What would be some implications for treatment?

A

Age-related losses of ROM, strength and balance
may be accentuated by the lack of physical activity
and the presence of neurologic deficits (CVA, SCI,
TBI)

98
Q

What can be partially reversed with appropriate exercise?

A

Decline in strength and endurance can be partially

reversed with appropriate exercise

99
Q

What should precautions be considered for?

A

Precautions must always be considered regarding
preexisting disorders and modifications made to
treatment interventions

100
Q

What should the PT instruct the PTA in?

A

PT should instruct PTA in how the response to treatment
should be monitored during treatment and if not
provided, then PTA needs to request this information
before treatment is initiated

101
Q

What pulmonary and cardiac conditions need to have vital signs monitored during exercise?

A

– Decline in cardiopulmonary reserve capacity can be
compounded by loss of fitness and conditioning
– Walking can require 40% of the oxygen taken in requiring an
older person to slow down the speed of walking depending on
availability of oxygen
– Measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate,
oxygen saturation, rate of perceived exertion, level of dyspnea,
or angina provide information on the patient’s response to
treatment

102
Q

How would history be obtained for a child with impaired neuromotor development?

A

For a child with impaired neuromotor development,
history is obtained by reviewing medical and
educational records and interviewing the child,
parents, caregivers, and/or teachers

103
Q

What can standardized tests be used for?

A

Standardized tests can be used to examine a child’s

activity and participation developmental status

104
Q

What is the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Index (PEDI)?

A

focuses on what tasks the child can achieve and not on

how the child accomplishes the tasks

105
Q

What is the School Function Assessment (SFA)?

A

used in the
school environment for children in kindergarten through
sixth grade and consist of three parts: participation, task
support and activity performance

106
Q

What is the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)?

A

used to
examine the motor development of children from birth
to 18 months of age

107
Q

What is the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2)?

A

assesses qualitative and quantitative aspects of gross

and fine motor development

108
Q

What is the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)?

A

used to

assess gross motor function in children with CP

109
Q

What is postural control good for?

A

• Postural control is fundamental to movement and is
essential for the emergence and refinement of motor
milestones
• Directionally appropriate motor responses to sitting
platform perturbations develop slowly

110
Q

What develops slowly?

A

• Postural control develops gradually over time and by the
age of 7-10 years, reactive postural responses are
similar to those of an adult

111
Q

When do infants begin to stand independently?

A

Infants begin to stand independently at about 9-11

months

112
Q

When does postural control develop?

A

7-10 years

113
Q

What is standing development timeframe?

A

A) Newborn requires total support to stand bearing some body weight
intermittently on the flexed lower extremities
B) 8 month olds requiring support to stand, bear full weight, and have an
upright trunk and head
C) 12 month old stands independently but cannot take a step forward
without losing balance

114
Q

What is the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT)?

A

• Standing on preferred lower extremity on floor
• Standing on preferred lower extremity on balance beam
• Standing on preferred lower extremity on balance beam,
eyes closed
• Walking forward on walking line
• Walking forward on balance beam
• Walking forward heel-to-toe on walking line
• Walking forward heel-to-toe on balance beam
• Stepping over response speed stick on balance beam

115
Q

What are some anthropometric characteristics?

A

• Joint range of motion (ROM) changes significantly from
birth through the growing years
• Increase in length, width, and girth because of postnatal
skeletal modeling of the cartilage models
• Shape and joint angles of the knees also change
throughout childhood
• Atypical neuromuscular activity can cause joint
dysfunction and disability
• Strength increases throughout childhood
• Gains in strength generally parallel the typical growth
curves for height and weight
• Muscle size accounts for much of the age and gender
differences in strength during childhood and
adolescence
• Measurement of muscle strength in children with
neuromotor disorders helps to identify deficits that may
contribute to activity restrictions

116
Q

What is reflex integrity?

A

Developmental reflexes consist of attitudinal reflexes,

righting reactions, and balance and protective reactions

117
Q

What is developmental reflex?

A

stereotyped response to a
specific stimulus and is categorized as primitive or
reactive

118
Q

What are muscle tone abnormalities associated with?

A

Muscle tone abnormalities are associated with Down
syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and mental
retardation

119
Q

How would you guide rehabilitation evaluation and interventions?

A

• It is important to examine how a child moves to guide
rehabilitation evaluation and interventions
• There is no well-accepted procedure for examining
movement quality

120
Q

What should a basic examination include?

A

Basic examination should include measurements of heart

rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure

121
Q

Who would have reduced aerobic capacity?

A

Studies indicate that children with CP and muscular

dystrophy have reduced aerobic capacity

122
Q

What are some cardiovascular/pulmonary factors?

A

Factors include abnormalities in structures (heart, lung,

muscle tissue) or physiological function

Neurological Conditions (5 decks)

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