motor control & motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

motor control

A

is defined as the ability to regulate or direct the
mechanisms essential to movement.

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2
Q

motor control is information processing..

A

related to activities carried out by
the central nervous system that organize the musculoskeletal system to
create coordinated, goal-directed movements.

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3
Q

two control strategies:

A
  • Feed-forward strategy
  • Feed-back strategy
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4
Q

The field of Motor Control is directed at studying the:

A

nature of movement and how movement is
controlled

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5
Q

Movement emerges from the interaction of three factors:

A
    1. Individual (I)
    1. Task (T)
    1. Environment (E)
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6
Q

Individual Action: Constraints on Movement
- ways a movement can be carried out

A

The body is characterized by a high number of muscles
and joints, all of which must be controlled during the
execution of coordinated, functional movement
* Redundancy of human systems
* Degrees of freedom problem: choosing among
equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many
muscles and joints involved in a movement

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7
Q

Individual Perception: Constraints on Movement
- what does this provide information about?

A

Integration of sensory impressions into
psychologically meaningful information
- state of the body and
features within the environment critical to
the regulation of movement

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8
Q

Individual Perception: Constraints on Movement
- what does this involve to add interpretation and meaning to afferent information?

A

Involves both peripheral sensory
mechanisms and higher-level processing

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9
Q

Cognition Individual: Constraints on Movement
- what do cognitive processes involve?

A

include attention, planning,
problem solving, motivation, and emotional
aspects of motor control that underlie the
establishment of intent or goals

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10
Q

Task: Constraints on Movement
- what are the classifications of functional categories?

A
  • nature of the task being performed in part determines the type
    of movement needed, so several classification parameters
    developed
  • Bed mobility tasks
  • Transfer tasks
  • Walking and ADLs
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11
Q

Task: Constraints on Movement
what are the attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

A
  • discrete
  • continuous
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12
Q
  • discrete classifications:
A
  • Definite beginning and end
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13
Q

continuous classification

A
  • No recognizable beginning and end points
  • End point is not an inherent characteristic of task
  • Example: walking, running, swimming
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14
Q

classifications: base of support
- stability & ex:
- mobility & ex:

A
  • stability & ex:stable base of support (e.g. sitting or standing)
  • mobility & ex: moving base of support (e.g. walking or running)
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15
Q

classification: whether object manipulation is required

A

sequenced task – increase the demand for stability (e.g. standing & lifting)

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16
Q

classification: movement variability

A
  • open movements - constantly changing or unpredictable environments
  • closed movements – relatively fixed, predictable environments
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17
Q

Regulatory Environment Constraint on Movements

A
  • Movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve to the goal of the
    task
  • These features shape the movement itself
  • Examples: differently-sized cups require different grasping patterns; walking on an
    uneven grassy surface impacts the gait pattern differently than walking on a smooth
    floor
18
Q

non regulatory vs. regulatory

A
  • Regulatory - movement must conform to regulatory features

*Non-Regulatory- movement does not have to conform to these features
* May or may not affect movement
* Examples: background noise, lighting

19
Q

systems theory

A

describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom
that need to control

20
Q

define synergies
- what controls synergies

A

a group of muscles constrained to
act together as a unit to the solve degree of freedom problem

  • higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels, which activate synergies
21
Q

movements emerge from what 3 factors?

A

from the interplay between the body
system, external force, and variations in the initial condition

22
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

comes from the broader study of dynamics or synergetics within the physical world

23
Q

self-organization

A

states that when a system of
individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an
ordered way – no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

23
Q

control parameter
ex?

A

a variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system
ex: velocity

23
Q

Variability of motor control in Dynamic Systems Theory

A

Variability is not considered to be the result of error, but rather as a necessary
condition of optimal function

24
Q

theoretical framework -

A

basis for clinical methods
related to examination and intervention in patients

25
Q

optimal variability:
too little outcome:
too much outcome:
small amount outcome:

A
  • Optimal variability provides for flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes
  • Too little variability can lead to injury (i.e. repetitive muscle strain)
  • Too much variability can lead to impaired movement performance (i.e. ataxia)
  • A small amount of variability indicates a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state
26
Q

early definition

A

study of the acquisition and /or modification of movement

27
Q

four concepts of motor learning

A
  • Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
  • Learning results from experience or practice
  • Learning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
  • Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
28
Q

performance

A

temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

29
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

30
Q

closed loop: motor learning

A

control achieved by feedback
such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them.

31
Q

open loop: motor learning

A

the execution of preprogrammed movements, called a motor program, without perceptual feedback.
“muscle memory”
ex: gymnasts practice routine so much for years, until they can do it seeming “effortlessly”

32
Q

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
what are the three stages?

A
  1. cognitive stage
  2. associative stage
  3. autonomous stage
33
Q

what is the cognitive stage?

A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
what is it that must be done
- try to understand the task and select a strategy for optimal performance
- has large # of errors and high degree of cognitive activity
- improvements are large :)

34
Q

what is the associative stage?

A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
how should it be done?
- the best strategy has been selected
- begins the refine of skill
- small improvement in skill, small variability in performance

35
Q
  1. autonomous stage
A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
* what presents success *
perform skill automatically with low level of attention
- ready for advanced challenges

36
Q

systems 3 stage model’s emphasis is?
- what are the stages

A

emphasis on learning to control degrees of freedom of the body segments
- novice stage
- advanced stage
- expert stage

37
Q
  1. novice stage
A

systems three-stage model

freeze degree of freedom

-learner simplifies movement by stiffening body segments to control degree of freedom.
- accurate performance of task but inefficient

38
Q
  1. advanced stage
A

systems 3 stage model
release additional of degree of freedom
- biomechanical constraints o