motor control & motor learning

Question 1

motor control

Answer 1

is defined as the ability to regulate or direct the
mechanisms essential to movement.

Question 2

motor control is information processing..

Answer 2

related to activities carried out by
the central nervous system that organize the musculoskeletal system to
create coordinated, goal-directed movements.

Question 3

two control strategies:

Answer 3

• Feed-forward strategy
• Feed-back strategy

Question 4

The field of Motor Control is directed at studying the:

Answer 4

nature of movement and how movement is
controlled

Question 5

Movement emerges from the interaction of three factors:

Answer 5

• 1. Individual (I)
• 2. Task (T)
• 3. Environment (E)

Question 6

Individual Action: Constraints on Movement
- ways a movement can be carried out

Answer 6

The body is characterized by a high number of muscles
and joints, all of which must be controlled during the
execution of coordinated, functional movement
* Redundancy of human systems
* Degrees of freedom problem: choosing among
equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many
muscles and joints involved in a movement

Question 7

Individual Perception: Constraints on Movement
- what does this provide information about?

Answer 7

Integration of sensory impressions into
psychologically meaningful information
- state of the body and
features within the environment critical to
the regulation of movement

Question 8

Individual Perception: Constraints on Movement
- what does this involve to add interpretation and meaning to afferent information?

Answer 8

Involves both peripheral sensory
mechanisms and higher-level processing

Question 9

Cognition Individual: Constraints on Movement
- what do cognitive processes involve?

Answer 9

include attention, planning,
problem solving, motivation, and emotional
aspects of motor control that underlie the
establishment of intent or goals

Question 10

Task: Constraints on Movement
- what are the classifications of functional categories?

Answer 10

• nature of the task being performed in part determines the type
  of movement needed, so several classification parameters
  developed
• Bed mobility tasks
• Transfer tasks
• Walking and ADLs

Question 11

Task: Constraints on Movement
what are the attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

Answer 11

• discrete
• continuous

Question 12

• discrete classifications:

Answer 12

• Definite beginning and end

Question 13

continuous classification

Answer 13

• No recognizable beginning and end points
• End point is not an inherent characteristic of task
• Example: walking, running, swimming

Question 14

classifications: base of support
- stability & ex:
- mobility & ex:

Answer 14

• stability & ex:stable base of support (e.g. sitting or standing)
• mobility & ex: moving base of support (e.g. walking or running)

Question 15

classification: whether object manipulation is required

Answer 15

sequenced task – increase the demand for stability (e.g. standing & lifting)

Question 16

classification: movement variability

Answer 16

• open movements - constantly changing or unpredictable environments
• closed movements – relatively fixed, predictable environments

Question 17

Regulatory Environment Constraint on Movements

Answer 17

• Movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve to the goal of the
  task
• These features shape the movement itself
• Examples: differently-sized cups require different grasping patterns; walking on an
  uneven grassy surface impacts the gait pattern differently than walking on a smooth
  floor

Question 18

non regulatory vs. regulatory

Answer 18

• Regulatory - movement must conform to regulatory features

*Non-Regulatory- movement does not have to conform to these features
* May or may not affect movement
* Examples: background noise, lighting

Question 19

systems theory

Answer 19

describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom
that need to control

Question 20

define synergies
- what controls synergies

Answer 20

a group of muscles constrained to
act together as a unit to the solve degree of freedom problem

• higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels, which activate synergies

Question 21

movements emerge from what 3 factors?

Answer 21

from the interplay between the body
system, external force, and variations in the initial condition

Question 22

dynamic systems theory

Answer 22

comes from the broader study of dynamics or synergetics within the physical world

Question 23

self-organization

Answer 23

states that when a system of
individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an
ordered way – no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

Question 23

control parameter
ex?

Answer 23

a variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system
ex: velocity

Question 23

Variability of motor control in Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 23

Variability is not considered to be the result of error, but rather as a necessary
condition of optimal function

Question 24

theoretical framework -

Answer 24

basis for clinical methods
related to examination and intervention in patients

Question 25

optimal variability:
too little outcome:
too much outcome:
small amount outcome:

Answer 25

• Optimal variability provides for flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes
• Too little variability can lead to injury (i.e. repetitive muscle strain)
• Too much variability can lead to impaired movement performance (i.e. ataxia)
• A small amount of variability indicates a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state

Question 26

early definition

Answer 26

study of the acquisition and /or modification of movement

Question 27

four concepts of motor learning

Answer 27

• Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
• Learning results from experience or practice
• Learning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
• Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

Question 28

performance

Answer 28

temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

Question 29

learning

Answer 29

relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

Question 30

closed loop: motor learning

Answer 30

control achieved by feedback
such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them.

Question 31

open loop: motor learning

Answer 31

the execution of preprogrammed movements, called a motor program, without perceptual feedback.
“muscle memory”
ex: gymnasts practice routine so much for years, until they can do it seeming “effortlessly”

Question 32

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
what are the three stages?

Answer 32

1. cognitive stage
2. associative stage
3. autonomous stage

Question 33

what is the cognitive stage?

Answer 33

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
what is it that must be done
- try to understand the task and select a strategy for optimal performance
- has large # of errors and high degree of cognitive activity
- improvements are large :)

Question 34

what is the associative stage?

Answer 34

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
how should it be done?
- the best strategy has been selected
- begins the refine of skill
- small improvement in skill, small variability in performance

Question 35

3. autonomous stage

Answer 35

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
* what presents success *
perform skill automatically with low level of attention
- ready for advanced challenges

Question 36

systems 3 stage model’s emphasis is?
- what are the stages

Answer 36

emphasis on learning to control degrees of freedom of the body segments
- novice stage
- advanced stage
- expert stage

Question 37

1. novice stage

Answer 37

systems three-stage model

freeze degree of freedom

-learner simplifies movement by stiffening body segments to control degree of freedom.
- accurate performance of task but inefficient

Question 38

2. advanced stage

Answer 38

systems 3 stage model
release additional of degree of freedom
- biomechanical constraints o