cardiopulmonary system Flashcards
cardiovascular system components
- heart
- vasculature
- blood vessels -
cardiovascular function
- transport hormones
- delivers o2
- removes metabolic waste
- protects body against disease
- regulates body temp
3 types of vessels and their function
- arteries: transport blood away from heart
- veins: transport blood toward heart
- capillaries: connections between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of o2, nutrients, waste
steps of heart flow into heart
1) deoxygenated blood goes into R atrium
2) blood goes through tricuspid to R ventricle
3) blood goes through pulmonary artery
4) pulmonary artery to lungs
5) oxygenated blood goes through pulmonary vein to L atrium
6) through mitral into L ventricle
7) through aorta out of body
vasculature development begins?
begins at 3-4 weeks after conception
mesodermal cells develop when?
happens during embryonic development. mesodermal cells differentiate into vessels
angiogenesis
formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels
vasculature anatomy
1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima
large elastic arteries
- location
- function
- what do they maintain
located in tunica media
contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil
maintain constant flow of blood
medium muscular arteries
- location
- function and component
located in tunica media
contain SMOOTH MUSCLE to regulate diameter and blood flow
small arteries control the..
filling of capillaries
veins characteristics
- larger and more compliant than arteries
- thin walls
- large lumens - larger blood reservoir
baroreceptors
located in aorta and carotid sinus, detect BP
chemoreceptors
located in aorta and carotid bodies, detect changes in pH
what develops at 3 weeks?
heart and vessels
what happens at 4 weeks?
heart begins to beat and pump blood
what happens at week 7?
heart forms into a 4 chamber
prenatal - shunting systems
- foramen ovale (R atrium –> L atrium)
- ductus arteriosus (R pulmonary –>aorta)
- ductus venosus (inferior vena cava –> umbilical vein)
congenital heart disease
leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year
1% live births
what ventricular wall gets twice as thick by adulthood?
left!
ribs cage is oriented horizontally –> changes to vertical with…
sitting
- rib become more angled
- ventilatory muscles become stronger
- increased efficiency of breathing
match heart volume to ages
40 mL
80mL
160 mL
- birth
- 6 months
- 2 years
increase in myocytes [infancy]
- cross-sectional area
- number of myofibrils
- force production
***NO INCREASE IN NUMBER MYOCYTES
infancy and childhood: vascularization stats
- increase heart vascularization
- at birth - 1 vessel for every 6 fibers
- adulthood 1:1 ratio
infancy and childhood stats CV development
- higher blood volume INCREASE
- stroke volume INCREASE
- heart rate DECREASE
- blood pressure INCREASE
adolescence
- heart size
- stroke volume
- body weight
- blood pressure
- left ventricle increases in size
- increase stroke volume bc the left ventricle
- body weight increases causing blood pressure to increase
heart changes with aging
myocytes
pacemaker cells
HR
left ventricular wall
- decreasing in number of myocytes, increase in size
- decrease in number of pacemaker cells —> slower heartrate
- left ventricular wall becomes thicker –> decrease stroke volume
- myocardium becomes darker
vessels - aging
become thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
- increased BP causes changes
blood - aging
decreased blood volume
decreased RBCs
lymphocytes decrease in #
pulmonary system - function
gas exchange
pulmonary system - components
lungs, thorax, airways, blood vessels
what are the two systems for pulmonary system
conducting zone
respiratory zone
conducting zone function + components
passageway for air to travel into and out of the lungs
[nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, trachea]
respiratory zone function + components
located in deep lungs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what brain structures control ventilation
medulla oblongata, pons
SNS: bronchial dilation
PNS: bronchial constriction
tidal volume
amount of volume exhaled or inhaled at rest in one breath
residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs following expiration
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
prenatal - pulmonary weeks of gestation
4-8 weeks of gestation
- development of lung buds
- bronchi begins to form
- differentiation of trachea and bronchi
neonatal - pulmonary development
6 weeks
8 weeks
24 weeks
26-28
6 week: primitive alveoli form
8 week: conducting zone
24: surfactant formed
26-28: respiratory zone viable
how is the rib cage oriented at birth?
horizontal
pulmonary achievements after sitting
- ribs become angled
- diaphragm forms a dome shape
- ventilatory muscles become stronger
- increased efficiency of breathing
pulmonary - infancy and childhood
airways are smaller in children!
- decreased smooth muscle until age 3 & 4
- decrease alveolar elasticity after puberty
pulmonary implications - infancy and childhood
- increased occurrence of bronchiole collapse
- decreased lung compliance and distensibility leads to increased work of breathing
- increased risk of infection until 6-8 yrs
adolescence - pulmonary development
- increased size of proximal airways and vasculature
- increase in alveolar size, elastic fibers
- INCREASE IN GAS EXCHAGE
@ what age are smooth muscles of arterial walls in alveoli fully developed?
19
adulthood & aging - pulmonary
impairments age
impairments start in 7th decade of life (60s)
thoracic wall and musculature changes during adulthood and aging
- stiffer bony thorax, decreased joint mobility
- decreased expansion of chest
- decrease strength and endurance
- increase work of breathing!
- altered length-tension relationship
lung changes during adulthood and aging
what do the changes cause?
- decrease compliance and elasticity bc of changes in collagen and elastin
- impaired elastic recoil causes decrease in vital capacity (75%) and increase in vital volume (70%)
how does body respond to lung changes during aging pulmonary development?
- total volume stays the same bc the body increases breathing rate to increase minute ventilation
alveolar changes during adulthood and aging
- decreased elasticity leads to increase risk of collapse during expiration
- increase size of lungs requires more time for air to reach alveoli
- increase in mucous glands and mucus in membrane
vascular changes to alveoli during adulthood and aging
- smaller capillary bed
- decreased blood flow
adaptations to long term exercise: CV [increases]
- max cardiac output and stroke volume
- plasma volume
- hemoglobin
- HDL
adaptations to long term exercise: CV [decreases]
- resting heart rate
- BP
- LDL
adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [decreases]
- inspiratory/expiratory reserve
- respiratory rate @ submaximal exercise
adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [increases]
- minute ventilation
- vital capacity
- tidal volume
what reflects the efficiency of cardiopulmonary system?
- cardiac output
- minute ventilation
- maximal aerobic capacity
cardiac output equation + function
efficiency of CV system
stroke volume x heart rate
what does minute ventilation measure?
equation?
efficiency of pulmonary system
tidal volume x respiratory rate
what is maximal aerobic capacity?
how is it determined?
max ability of an individual’s body to transport and use O2 for energy production
- determined by level of CV and pulmonary fitness
