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6072 > cardiopulmonary system > Flashcards

cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system components

A
  • heart
  • vasculature
  • blood vessels -
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2
Q

cardiovascular function

A
  • transport hormones
  • delivers o2
  • removes metabolic waste
  • protects body against disease
  • regulates body temp
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3
Q

3 types of vessels and their function

A
  • arteries: transport blood away from heart
  • veins: transport blood toward heart
  • capillaries: connections between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of o2, nutrients, waste
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4
Q

steps of heart flow into heart

A

1) deoxygenated blood goes into R atrium
2) blood goes through tricuspid to R ventricle
3) blood goes through pulmonary artery
4) pulmonary artery to lungs
5) oxygenated blood goes through pulmonary vein to L atrium
6) through mitral into L ventricle
7) through aorta out of body

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5
Q

vasculature development begins?

A

begins at 3-4 weeks after conception

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6
Q

mesodermal cells develop when?

A

happens during embryonic development. mesodermal cells differentiate into vessels

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7
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels

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8
Q

vasculature anatomy

A

1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima

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9
Q

large elastic arteries
- location
- function
- what do they maintain

A

located in tunica media
contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil
maintain constant flow of blood

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10
Q

medium muscular arteries
- location
- function and component

A

located in tunica media
contain SMOOTH MUSCLE to regulate diameter and blood flow

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11
Q

small arteries control the..

A

filling of capillaries

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12
Q

veins characteristics

A
  • larger and more compliant than arteries
  • thin walls
  • large lumens - larger blood reservoir
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13
Q

baroreceptors

A

located in aorta and carotid sinus, detect BP

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14
Q

chemoreceptors

A

located in aorta and carotid bodies, detect changes in pH

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15
Q

what develops at 3 weeks?

A

heart and vessels

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16
Q

what happens at 4 weeks?

A

heart begins to beat and pump blood

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17
Q

what happens at week 7?

A

heart forms into a 4 chamber

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18
Q

prenatal - shunting systems

A
  • foramen ovale (R atrium –> L atrium)
  • ductus arteriosus (R pulmonary –>aorta)
  • ductus venosus (inferior vena cava –> umbilical vein)
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19
Q

congenital heart disease

A

leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year
1% live births

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20
Q

what ventricular wall gets twice as thick by adulthood?

A

left!

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21
Q

ribs cage is oriented horizontally –> changes to vertical with…

A

sitting
- rib become more angled
- ventilatory muscles become stronger
- increased efficiency of breathing

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22
Q

match heart volume to ages
40 mL
80mL
160 mL

A
  • birth
  • 6 months
  • 2 years
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23
Q

increase in myocytes [infancy]

A
  • cross-sectional area
  • number of myofibrils
  • force production
    ***NO INCREASE IN NUMBER MYOCYTES
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24
Q

infancy and childhood: vascularization stats

A
  • increase heart vascularization
  • at birth - 1 vessel for every 6 fibers
  • adulthood 1:1 ratio
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25
Q

infancy and childhood stats CV development

A
  • higher blood volume INCREASE
  • stroke volume INCREASE
  • heart rate DECREASE
  • blood pressure INCREASE
26
Q

adolescence
- heart size
- stroke volume
- body weight
- blood pressure

A
  • left ventricle increases in size
  • increase stroke volume bc the left ventricle
  • body weight increases causing blood pressure to increase
27
Q

heart changes with aging
myocytes
pacemaker cells
HR
left ventricular wall

A
  • decreasing in number of myocytes, increase in size
  • decrease in number of pacemaker cells —> slower heartrate
  • left ventricular wall becomes thicker –> decrease stroke volume
  • myocardium becomes darker
28
Q

vessels - aging

A

become thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
- increased BP causes changes

29
Q

blood - aging

A

decreased blood volume
decreased RBCs
lymphocytes decrease in #

30
Q

pulmonary system - function

A

gas exchange

31
Q

pulmonary system - components

A

lungs, thorax, airways, blood vessels

32
Q

what are the two systems for pulmonary system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

33
Q

conducting zone function + components

A

passageway for air to travel into and out of the lungs
[nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, trachea]

34
Q

respiratory zone function + components

A

located in deep lungs
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

35
Q

what brain structures control ventilation

A

medulla oblongata, pons
SNS: bronchial dilation
PNS: bronchial constriction

36
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of volume exhaled or inhaled at rest in one breath

37
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in lungs following expiration

38
Q

minute ventilation

A

total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute

39
Q

prenatal - pulmonary weeks of gestation

A

4-8 weeks of gestation
- development of lung buds
- bronchi begins to form
- differentiation of trachea and bronchi

40
Q

neonatal - pulmonary development
6 weeks
8 weeks
24 weeks
26-28

A

6 week: primitive alveoli form
8 week: conducting zone
24: surfactant formed
26-28: respiratory zone viable

41
Q

how is the rib cage oriented at birth?

A

horizontal

42
Q

pulmonary achievements after sitting

A
  • ribs become angled
  • diaphragm forms a dome shape
  • ventilatory muscles become stronger
  • increased efficiency of breathing
43
Q

pulmonary - infancy and childhood

A

airways are smaller in children!
- decreased smooth muscle until age 3 & 4
- decrease alveolar elasticity after puberty

44
Q

pulmonary implications - infancy and childhood

A
  • increased occurrence of bronchiole collapse
  • decreased lung compliance and distensibility leads to increased work of breathing
  • increased risk of infection until 6-8 yrs
45
Q

adolescence - pulmonary development

A
  • increased size of proximal airways and vasculature
  • increase in alveolar size, elastic fibers
  • INCREASE IN GAS EXCHAGE
46
Q

@ what age are smooth muscles of arterial walls in alveoli fully developed?

A

19

47
Q

adulthood & aging - pulmonary
impairments age

A

impairments start in 7th decade of life (60s)

48
Q

thoracic wall and musculature changes during adulthood and aging

A
  • stiffer bony thorax, decreased joint mobility
  • decreased expansion of chest
  • decrease strength and endurance
  • increase work of breathing!
  • altered length-tension relationship
49
Q

lung changes during adulthood and aging
what do the changes cause?

A
  • decrease compliance and elasticity bc of changes in collagen and elastin
  • impaired elastic recoil causes decrease in vital capacity (75%) and increase in vital volume (70%)
50
Q

how does body respond to lung changes during aging pulmonary development?

A
  • total volume stays the same bc the body increases breathing rate to increase minute ventilation
51
Q

alveolar changes during adulthood and aging

A
  • decreased elasticity leads to increase risk of collapse during expiration
  • increase size of lungs requires more time for air to reach alveoli
  • increase in mucous glands and mucus in membrane
52
Q

vascular changes to alveoli during adulthood and aging

A
  • smaller capillary bed
  • decreased blood flow
53
Q

adaptations to long term exercise: CV [increases]

A
  • max cardiac output and stroke volume
  • plasma volume
  • hemoglobin
  • HDL
54
Q

adaptations to long term exercise: CV [decreases]

A
  • resting heart rate
  • BP
  • LDL
55
Q

adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [decreases]

A
  • inspiratory/expiratory reserve
  • respiratory rate @ submaximal exercise
56
Q

adaptations to long term exercise: pulmonary [increases]

A
  • minute ventilation
  • vital capacity
  • tidal volume
57
Q

what reflects the efficiency of cardiopulmonary system?

A
  • cardiac output
  • minute ventilation
  • maximal aerobic capacity
58
Q

cardiac output equation + function

A

efficiency of CV system
stroke volume x heart rate

59
Q

what does minute ventilation measure?
equation?

A

efficiency of pulmonary system
tidal volume x respiratory rate

60
Q

what is maximal aerobic capacity?
how is it determined?

A

max ability of an individual’s body to transport and use O2 for energy production
- determined by level of CV and pulmonary fitness

6072 (3 decks)

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