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Developmental Concepts > Motor Control + Motor Learning > Flashcards

Motor Control + Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Control

A

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

motor control

A

information processing by CNS that organizes the musculoskeletal system
- goal-directed movements

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3
Q

what are the 2 motor control strategies

A

feed-forward strategy
feed-back strategy

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4
Q

feed-forward strategy

A

anticipatory movements
(catching a ball)

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5
Q

feed-back strategy

A

refined movements
(flexing to adjust to the ball’s weight)

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6
Q

movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors

A

individual
task
environment

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7
Q

3 interactions of “individual”

A

cognition
perception
action

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8
Q

3 interactions of “task”

A

mobility
stability
manipulation

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9
Q

2 interactions of “environment”

A

regulatory
nonregulatory

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10
Q

degrees of freedom problem

A

choosing among equivalent solutions + coordinating the muscles involved

basically how we move varies to complete a task

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11
Q

Individual Action

A

high # of joints/fibers controlled during coordinated, functional movement

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12
Q

Individual Perception

A

sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

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13
Q

is perception afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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14
Q

Individual Cognition

A

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

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15
Q

single vs dual task cognition

A

its harder to perform cognition while doing a motor task

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16
Q

the nature of the task being performed determines…

A

the type of movement needed

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17
Q

critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

A

classifications

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18
Q

regulatory environment

A

movement must conform to regulatory features

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19
Q

nonregulatory environment

A

movements don’t need to conform because nonregulatory aren’t as direct (ex: background noise, light)

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20
Q

2 theories of motor control

A

systems theory
dynamic system theory

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21
Q

systems theory

A

body has many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled

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22
Q

what patients have trouble with the systems theory

A

stroke patients

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23
Q

in the systems theory, movements emerge from

A

body system
external forces
variations in the initial condition

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24
Q

difference between systems theory and dynamic systems theory

A

de-emphasizing the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

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25
Q

dynamic systems theory

A

focused on the physical explanation

26
Q

why is optimal variability good?

A

provides flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes

27
Q

what happens with too little or too much variability?

A

too little leads to injury
too much can impair movement (ataxia)

28
Q

what is the theoretical framework the basis of

A

clinical methods related to examination and intervention in all patients

29
Q

reacuisition

A

recovery of lost function

30
Q

motor learning

A

study of recovery/modification of movement

31
Q

how does process of motor learning happen

A

perception
cognition
action process

32
Q

performance vs learning

A

performance is temporary and learning is relatively permanent

33
Q

what are the teaching strategies therapists use

A

instruction
feedback
practice
motivation

34
Q

closed loop

A

control achieved by feedback to where the actual response conforms to the desired response

35
Q

open loop

A

no position feedback of a moving object
execution of preprogrammed movements
“muscle memory”

36
Q

cognitive stage

A

what is it that must be done
lots of errors and cognitive activity

37
Q

associative stage

A

how should it be done
beginning to refine the skill

38
Q

autonomous stage

A

what presents success
skill is done automatically with low level of attention
prepared for dual tasks

39
Q

novice stage

A

learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body to try to control the degree of freedom

40
Q

advanced stage

A

degrees of freedom are being refines, less stiff, and more coordinated

41
Q

expert stage

A

energy use is more efficient and full degree of freedom used

42
Q

gentile 2 stage model

A
  1. understand the requirements of the movement
  2. refine the movement
43
Q

close skilled requires…

A

fixation
minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency

44
Q

open skills require…

A

diversification
performed in changing environments and movement diversity

45
Q

acquisition/practice phase

A

initial fumbling attemps
skills are learned/releared
“PERFORMANCE”

46
Q

retention/transfer phase

A

mastery of skill
info stored for retrieval and application
“LEARNING”

47
Q

practice should be

A

task specific, variable, accurate, and active

48
Q

intrinsic feedback

A

sensory sources
ex: visual, kinesthetic awareness, proprioception

49
Q

extrinsic feedback

A

comes from the external resources
(throwing a ball and missing the target)

50
Q

massed vs distributed

A

greater practice time more than rest time vs rest being equal or more than practice time

51
Q

constant vs variable

A

practicing in same parameters vs variety of parameters

52
Q

random vs blocked

A

performing motor tasks randomly vs a fixed order

53
Q

whole vs part

A

practicing the whole movement

54
Q

transfer practice condition

A

amount of transfer is dependent on similarity between 2 tasks/environments

55
Q

mental practice

A

supplementary motor cortex; does enhance skill acquisition

56
Q

guidance vs discovery

A

presence of physical guidance vs unguided conditions

57
Q

what are the 2 key elements when working with older patients

A

a combo of principles of motor learning and environment in which the skills are practiced

58
Q

what practice is highly effective in older adults

A

mental practice

59
Q

Knowledge of results (KR)

A

terminal, concrete feedback like a score

60
Q

Knowledge of performance (KP)

A

focuses on how well the athlete did in the process

Developmental Concepts (7 decks)

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