lifespan perspective of the musculoskeletal system Flashcards
afferent vs efferent
sensory vs motor
what represents the final output of the CNS
motor unit activity
what does the primary motor cortex do
controls speed and force of movement
what does the supplemental motor area do
involved in preplanning movements
what does the premotor cortex do
visually guided movements
what does the cerebellum do
coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
what does the basal ganglia do
controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks/environments
motor unit
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
what are the 2 main periods of gestation
embryonic (0-60 days; 8 weeks)
fetal period 60+ days; 9+= weeks)
when do fertilization, implantation, and gastrulation occur
fertilization: day 1
implantation: day 6/7
gastrulation: day 15/16
what is the gastrula
3 layered structure of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
when do arm and leg budding occur
4 weeks
when are all limb structures are present
week 8
when do slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers develop
slow twitch: 21 weeks
fast twitch: 30 weeks
what is muscle mass % at from birth
25%
males from 5-17 years old muscle mass increases by what %
41-53%
females from 5-17 years old muscle mass increases by what %
41-42%
when does female peak strength occur
onset of puberty
when does muscle mass begin to decline
age 30
each decade after the age of ____, how much muscle mass is lost
30
5%
what % decline of strength occurs from 50-70
30%
when is the most rapid decline in strength
70 years old
when does a steady decline in strength and impaired function occur
50 years old
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and function
do type I or type II fibers decline quicker
type II
diaphysis
long shaft of the bone
when do bone and cartilage differentiate
3-8 weeks prenatal
when do mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate (like UE then LE)
5th week prenatal
when do chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones
6th week prenatal
when does the primary ossification center develop
7-11 weeks prenatal
when do secondary ossification centers develop
after birth
the diaphysis is formed by what ossification center
primary
the epiphysis is formed by what ossification center
secondary
risser sign
percent ossification of iliac epiphysis
what drives bone remodeling in childhood
weightbearing and movement drive
fontanelles
soft areas where the bone hasn’t fused yet
when do the posterior and anterior fontanelles close
posterior: 2-3 months
anterior: 12-18 months
craniosynosyosis
premature closure of sutures
when do girls have their growth spurt
12-14
when do boys have their growth spurt
14-15
when have all growth plates closed by
25
when do changes in bone mass peak
20s-early 30s
bone resorption exceeds bone formation after the age of ….
50
during the first 4-5 years of menopause, what % of bone mass is lost
4%
osteomalacia
softening of bones
what happens to cartilage when you age
water content decreases and it becomes more rigid
club foot
prenatal
deformity where ankle is rolled out
congenital hip dysplasia
prenatal
atypical development of the hips
congenital limb deficiency
prenatal
portion of upper/lower limb does not form completely
apophyseal avulsion
infancy/childhood
sudden forceful contraction
nursemaid’s elbow
infancy/childhood
radial head slips from annular ligament
slipped capital-femoral epiphysis
adolescence
slippage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate
osteoporosis
bones become weak and brittle
bone resorption is quicker than formation
osteoarthritis
weight-bearing joint pain from microtraumas and inflammation
