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FINAL-BIOPSYCH > MOTOR > Flashcards

MOTOR Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary control of
skilled movements is
only initiated in

A

ba4 cortex,

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2
Q

Higher motor areas do not
modulate lower
motor levels true or false?

A

false

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3
Q

areas decide that a movement is
called

A

asssociation

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4
Q

devise a plan for the movement
and pass this information o

A

premotor areas

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5
Q

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

A

motor cortex

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6
Q

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

A

motor cortex

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6
Q

which then
issues commands to motor neurons

A

motor cortex

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7
Q

how does motor cortex
issues commands to motor neurons,

A

, by way of nuclei and
interneurons of the brainstem and spinal cord.

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8
Q

___ brains trcutures are involved in planning and monitoring of motor movements?

A

cerebellum and bg

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9
Q

Cerebellum and BG do do not send to spinal cord directly. They act by affecting
motor and premotor cortex. true or false?

A

true

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10
Q

which is the * Major voluntary pathway for all movements.

A

Pyramidal system

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11
Q

3 tracts of the pyramidal system

A

Corticospinal tract, Corticonuclear (=corticobulbar) tract, Corticopontine tract

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12
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract: does not cross at midline. true or false

A

false- it is the he primary crossed
corticospinal tract. Anterior corticospinal tract:
made up of the few fibers
that do not cross midline

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13
Q

voluntary movement of the
innervated structure is
limited on the contralateral
side of the body

A

CST is interrupted in
the cerebrum or at any level
above the medullary
pyramidal decussation

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14
Q

A lesion of the CST below the
decussation impairs

A

A lesion below the
decussation impairs

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15
Q

where do Corticonuclear fibers begin and terminate

A

Begin at the cortex, terminate at the motor
nuclei of the cranial nerves located at various points in the brainstem

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16
Q

Corticonuclear fibers Separates from CST at ?

A

upper brainstem level

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17
Q

what are the extra-pyramidal system

A

Additional motor tracts that are outside of the
pyramidal system

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18
Q

what structures are included in the extra-pyramidal system

A

basal ganglia, and cerebellum which are
linked indirectly to pyramidal system via thalamus
and cortex

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19
Q

basal ganglia, and cerebellum are
linked indirectly to pyramidal system via?

A

thalamus & cortex

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20
Q

what is the role of the fiber pathways Extrapyramidal system?

A

primary input to motor
neurons for maintenance of normal tone, body
posturing, and reflex responses to sensory stimuli

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21
Q

where ar Upper motor neurons (UMN) located

A

neuraxis - do not leave it

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22
Q

The pyramidal tract thought of as the direct
activation pathway or direct motor system
because of its direct connection and major
activating influence on the uper motor
neurons
true or alse?

A

false - lower

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23
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

All the neurons that send motor axons into the
muscles: the cranial and spinal nerves

24
Q

eg: of lower motor neruon

A

cranial and spinal

25
Q

__ is a structural and functional entity that can be defined a single anterior horn cell

A

motor unit

26
Q

a chemical synapse between a muscle fiber and motor neuron is _____

A

neuromuscular junction

27
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron (LMN) true or false ?

A

true

28
Q

____ innervates multiple ____ fiber targets
and constitutes the ___

A

LMN, muscle ,motor unit

29
Q

an action potential in the LMN brings
all of its fibers to threshold simultaneously true or false

A

true

30
Q

numerous smaller motor units (accuracy and precision) responsbile for fine control

A

hand muscles. ocular muscles, postural

31
Q

n action potential in the LMN brings
all of its fibers to threshold simultaneously which allows for distribution of ____force
throughout muscle

A

contractile

32
Q

neuromuscular junction between _____ and

A

efferent axon terminal & muscle fibre

33
Q

____ considered motor planning areas

A

association’ or premotor
areas

34
Q

____are generally referred to as
premotor cortex

A

Lateral

35
Q

Broca’s area and BA 6 are

A

premotor areas

36
Q

match the following:
lateral areas
medial areas
supplementary motor and congulate, premotor

A
37
Q

function of upplementary motor
area and the cingulate motor area?

A

Project to lower areas through descending
pathways and through M1

38
Q

Muscle twitches can be evoked by
‘tiny’ electrical stimuli true or false

A

true

39
Q

primary motor cortex control individual
muscles or goal-oriented movements?

A

yes

40
Q

Different classes of movements have discrete
neuronal representations. true or false

A

true

41
Q

Basal ganglia form a circuit with the __

A

cortex

42
Q

BG receives projections from?

A

cerebral cortex

43
Q

__ predominant target for output -

A

cortex

44
Q

is this the order of loop Tor F, Cortex – thalamus – bg - Cortex

A

false - Cortex – BG – Thalamus - Cortex

45
Q

the striatum is formed by?

A

caudate nucleus & putamen

46
Q

function of this loop?? which of these is not a function *

A

Select and maintain voluntary motor
activity, Suppress unwanted activity
– cognitive dimension as well
– Monitors and constrains movements
– Maintains appropriate tone

47
Q

Thalamic nuclei that project to the brain are
disinhibited, t or f

A

f - highly excitatory

48
Q

BG functions to keep the
thalamus

A

– Through tonic inhibition of GPi, – Preventing movement or thoughts

49
Q

When a voluntary movement is desired,
thalamic outputs must be ___

A

disinhibited

50
Q
  • Cognitive / emotional abnormalities in PD reflect deterioraition of __
A

non-motor loops in BG

51
Q

what is the function of Prefrontal loop, Limbic loop

A

Prefrontal loop may regulate the initiation and termination of cognitive
processes
* Limbic loop may initiate or terminate emotional behaviors

52
Q

cerebellum plays its primary function?

A

ensuring synergistic coordination of muscles and muscle groups

53
Q

functions of cerebellum

A
  1. maintains posture & balance - Maintains proper posture and balance in walking and in
    sequential movements of eating, dressing, and writing,
    etc 2. Guides the production of rapid, alternating, repetitive
    movements such as in speaking
  2. smooth pursuit mvnts
  3. cerebellum, mvnts are clumsy,
    uncoordinated, and disorganized
    The cerebellum is needed for ongoing connected
    speech
    reinforce or diminish sensory and motor
    impulses, acting as a critical modulator of neuronal function
    Acts a “motor error detector”
54
Q

cerebellum divided -

A

Cerebrocerebellum, Spinocerebellum

55
Q

what are the functions of Cerebrocerebellum: dentate nucleus—premotor cortex
Spinocerebellum: fastigial nuclei—motor cortex and brainstem

A

Cerebrocerebellum: dentate nucleus—premotor cortex (motor planning)
Spinocerebellum: fastigial nuclei—motor cortex and brainstem (motor
execution)

56
Q

BG acts * Acts a “motor error detector” true or false

A

false - cerebellum does

57
Q

BG acts * Acts a “motor error detector” true or false

A

false - cerebellum does

FINAL-BIOPSYCH (4 decks)

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