Motivation (ch. 8) Flashcards
Instincts
inborn tendency that is thought to direct behavior
Drives
non human equivalent of motives and needs
Needs
internal motivation that is thought to be inborn and universally present in humans
Behaviorist Approach (B.F. Skinner)
places emphasis for behavior directly on environment rather than needs or instincts
Proposes behavior depends on stimulus, response, and reinforcement
Metaphor for motivation: Person as Machine
mplies behavior/action are involuntary and without conscious awareness
pushed by internal needs and pulled by environmental stimuli; automatic response; response to need/drive response to external stimuli and reinforcement
Metaphor for motivation: Person as Scientist
suggests people are active information seekers who want knowledge and understanding as a way to master environment
voluntary response; analyzing internal/external information
Motivation and Performance
Performance = (motivationxability) - situational constraints
Motivation & Locus of Control
extent to which an individual views events as resulting from their own actions or outside causes (internal or external); internal LOC are more motivated
Maslow’s Need Theory
all humans have basic needs and these needs express over life span as internal pushes or drives ;physiological, security, love or social, esteem, self actualization
Herzberg’s Dual Factor
proposes there are two basic needs that are independent of each other (Hygiene; Motivator)
Hygiene Need
meeting this would eliminate dissatisfaction but not result in motivated state
Motivator Needs
meeting needs will result in effort and satisfaction
Job enrichment
adds planning and control to a job; pushes some of the typical manager tasks to employee level
Job Characteristics Theory
depend on task/skill variety; task identity; task significance; autonomy;feedback
Reinforcement Theory
stimulus, response, reward;
Contingent reward
depends on particular response
Intermittent reward
given for only some correct responses (produces higher levels of performance)
Continuous reward
reward that is presented every time a correct response occurs
Cognitive (person as scientist) model VIE Theory
Valence - strength of preference for outcome
Instrumentality - perceived relationship between performance and outcome
Expectancy - perceived relationship between effort and performance
Cognitive model - Equity Theory
Individuals look at world in terms of input and outcome; compare input and outcome to “comparison others” (has social component)
Person-as-Intentional Approach
Goal-setting theory: notion of goal as motivation (self-set)
Goal acceptance
goal has been assigned
Goal Commitment
can include both assigned and self-set goals
Feedback Loop
connection between knowledge of results and intermediate states that occur between goal commitment and performance - if falls short of goal, will adapt behavior to achieve
Self-Efficacy and Motivation
more closely related to motivation
Developed and increased by: mastery; modeling; social persuasion; physiological states
Cross-Culture and motivation
- collectivism v. individualism
- uncertainty avoidance
- masculine/feminine
- power dimensions
- short v. long term orientation
Generational difference and motivation
Younger - more oriented and want work-life balance
work is less important and less idealized
