Motivation and Self Regulation Flashcards
What does the Motive Perspective examine?
It examines personality in relation to various motivations, the processes underlying the motivations, and the correlates/outcomes of the motivations.
Who pioneered the Motive Perspective?
Henry Murray
What are motives in the context of personality?
Motives can be a strong part of identity and are driven by needs and press.
Define ‘Need’ in the context of motives.
An internal state that’s less than satisfactory due to a lack of a necessity, existing at different levels and being particular and directive.
Define ‘Press’ in the context of motives.
An external condition that prompts a desire to get or avoid something, which may reignite motives that were previously fulfilled.
How can behavior be influenced according to the Motive Perspective?
Behavior can be caused by the relative strength of the need or press.
What are motives described as?
Cognitive affective clusters organized around a person’s readiness for a particular experience.
What is the Thematic Apperception Test used for?
It can be used to measure personality but is better at measuring motives.
What is the Need for Achievement?
The desire to do things well and to get pleasure from overcoming challenges or obstacles.
What does the Need for Power entail?
The motive to have an impact on other people, have prestige, and feel strong in comparison to others.
What is the Need for Affiliation?
The motive to spend time with others and form social ties.
What is Inhibited Power Motivation?
The condition of having more need for power than affiliation but restraining its power use.
What are Implicit and Self Attributed Motives?
Motives can be implicit (not totally aware of) or explicit (in conscious awareness).
What is the difference between implicit and explicit motives?
Implicit motives tend to be more basic and automatic, while explicit motives are more particular and structured.
What are Goals and Strategies in the context of motives?
Goals are the ends of what one desires, while strategies are the means used to achieve those goals.
What are Idiographic Goals?
Goals that are unique to the individual that pursues them.
What are Nomothetic Goals?
A relatively small number of essential motivations that apply to most people or general groups.
What are Judgement and Development Goals according to Dweck et al?
Judgement goals seek to validate an attribute in oneself, while development goals desire to improve oneself.
What is Defensive Pessimism?
A negative outlook on life that may motivate goal-seeking behavior to avoid negative outcomes.
What is the difference between approach and avoidance motives?
Motives can be understood as an approach towards something or as an avoidance from something.
What type of motives relate to the Big Five?
Explicit motives relate to the Big Five, while implicit motives do not have much of a relation.
What are the limitations of the Motive Perspective?
Qualities seem arbitrary and rarely critiqued, and researchers often focus on one need at a time.
What are the advantages of the Motive Perspective?
It is intuitively appealing and looks at how characteristics can influence behavior.
What is Self Regulation?
The control of one’s behavior through self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement.
What is the role of feedback control in self-regulation?
Feedback control helps maintain conformity to goals and values through a negative feedback loop.
What are Implementation Intentions?
Intentions to take specific actions in specific contexts to achieve goal intentions.
What does comparing your current self to a goal determine?
It determines the output, which are changes in your behaviour to align with your goal.
What does the feedback control system assume about behaviour?
It assumes that behaviour has a purpose and is used in a feedback loop to fulfill a goal.
How is self-regulation viewed in the context of feedback control?
Self-regulation is seen as a continuous process.
Do goals for the feedback control system require expected performance levels?
No, they usually do not require expected performance levels, as people vary in their expected/desired performance levels.
What should self-directed attention increase?
It should increase goal comparisons and realign behaviour in relation to the goal.
What is the feedback hierarchy?
It is an organization of feedback loops where superordinate loops provide reference values to subordinate loops.
What are the levels of the feedback hierarchy?
The highest level is system concepts (abstract qualities), the second level is principle control (traits or values), and the lower level is program (scripts).
What do emotions reflect in the context of self-regulation?
Emotions reflect the status of self-regulation and may lead to organization.
What can obstacles lead to in self-regulation?
Obstacles may lead to negative emotions which can interrupt progress.
What is partial disengagement in self-regulation?
It allows people to pursue similar but different higher level goals, which can be both good and bad.
Are all goals approach-based?
No, some goals are avoidance-based, such as trying to avoid getting sick.
Are all goal-relevant behaviours due to explicit interventions?
No, some are part of a more unconscious system.
What did the Carver et al. Priming Study argue?
It argued that behaviour can be elicited through stimulus, with subliminal stimuli influencing behaviour.
What is self-control in the context of self-regulation?
It is trying not to give in to short-term impulses.
What is private self-consciousness?
It is the tendency to be self-reflective, which has important implications for self-regulation.
What does the Rumination Reflection Questionnaire measure?
It measures two aspects of self-consciousness: curiosity and desire to probe negative feeling states.
What does the Behaviour Identification Form assess?
It assesses higher and lower level construal of behaviour and encourages reflection on behaviour.
What problems may occur from a self-regulation perspective?
Problems may occur due to conflicting goals, unclear implementation intentions, and inability to quit goals.
How can self-regulation be used in therapy?
It can solve behavioural problems, make automatic habits conscious, follow a dynamic feedback system, and include means-end analysis.
What is means-end analysis?
It is the process of creating a plan to achieve an overall goal by breaking it into smaller parts.
