Learning and Cognitive Perspective Flashcards
What is the Learning Perspective?
views the change of behavior as a function of experience. Personality is shaped through learning.
What are the two varieties of learning theories?
Behaviorist theories and Social learning theories.
What is Behaviorism?
The theoretical view of personality that focuses on overt behavior and the ways it can be affected by rewards and punishments in the environment.
What does Behaviorism emphasize?
It emphasizes environment/nurture and views personality as a blank slate.
What is Habituation?
The decrease in response to a stimulus on repeated applications. It is the simplest kind of learning.
What is Classical Conditioning?
A kind of learning where an unconditioned response becomes elicited by a new, conditioned stimulus.
What is the process of Classical Conditioning?
- Before Conditioning: Neutral Stimulus (Bell rings) - No notable response. 2. Unconditioned Stimulus (Salivation) - Unconditioned Response. 3. During Conditioning: Salivation (Unconditioned Response) + Conditioned Stimulus. 4. After Conditioning: Conditioned Response (Salivation).
What is Generalization in Classical Conditioning?
Responding in a similar way to somewhat different stimuli.
What is Discrimination in Classical Conditioning?
Responding in a different manner to different stimuli.
What is Extinction in Classical Conditioning?
The reduction of a conditioned response by repeating the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is Operant Conditioning?
A process of learning where an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment.
What are the two types of reinforcement in Operant Conditioning?
Positive reinforcement (adding something to increase behavior) and Negative reinforcement (taking something away to increase behavior).
What are the two types of punishment in Operant Conditioning?
Positive punishment (adding something to decrease behavior) and Negative punishment (taking something away to decrease behavior).
What influences the effect of learning in Operant Conditioning?
Schedules of reinforcement, including continuous and partial reinforcement.
What is Vicarious Conditioning?
Learning that occurs by observing others and the consequences of their actions.
What are the shortcomings of Classic Behaviorism?
It ignores motivation, thought, and cognition; is based on animal research; ignores social dimensions; and treats the organism as passive.
What is Social Learning Theory?
The view that learning is largely due to modeling, imitation, and social interactions.
What is Rotter’s Model of Social Learning?
It concerns decision making and the role of expectations, emphasizing beliefs about likely results of behavior.
What are Specific and Generalized Expectancies?
Specific expectancies are beliefs about certain behaviors leading to specific outcomes, while generalized expectancies are beliefs about whether actions make a difference.
What is Bandura’s Model of Social Learning?
It builds on Rotter’s theory, emphasizing the social nature of learning and efficacy expectations.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning a behavior vicariously by seeing someone else do it.
What are the requirements for Observational Learning?
Attention, Retention, Production, and Performance.
What does the Cognitive Perspective focus on?
Cognitive processes that underlie personality, including memory, decision making, and mental representations.
What are Semantic and Episodic Memory?
Semantic memory is organized according to meaning, while episodic memory is organized according to sequences of events.
What is Priming?
Activating an element in memory using information contained in it, making it more accessible.
What is Connectionism?
An approach to understanding cognition based on interconnected neurons and multiple neural pathways.
What are Dual-Process Models?
Models assuming two different modes of cognition—one effortful and one automatic.
What are Cognitive Person Variables?
Five variables that need to be considered in a theory of personality: Competencies, Encoding strategies, Expectancies, Subjective values, and Self-regulatory systems.
What is the Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS)?
A theoretical conception of personality structure as a complex system featuring interconnected cognitions and emotional tendencies.
What are specific expectancies?
The belief that a certain behavior at a
certain time and place will lead to a specific outcome
What are generalized expectancies?
General beliefs about whether
anything you do is likely to make a difference
Whats the difference between Rotter and Banduras Social Learning Theories?
Rotter focused more on individual differences (loci of
control); Bandura focuses less on stable differences between
people
* Bandura emphasizes the social nature of learning and the
ways people interact with the situations in their lives
* Bandura reinterpreted expectancies as efficacy expectations
