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Psych 290 > Motivation and emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary theories of motivation?

A
  • drive theories
  • incentive theories
  • Evolutionary theories
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2
Q

What are drive theories?

A

Concept of motivational forces that assumes an internal state of tension that motivates and organism to engage in activities that will reduce the tension and achieve homeostasis

  • psychoanalytic
  • behavioural
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3
Q

What is the main flaw of drive theories

A

They can’t explain all motivation.

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4
Q

What are incentive theories?

A

That external stimuli regulate motivational states by pulling people to act, source of motivation is external
- expectancy-value models

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5
Q

What are expectancy-value models?

A

motivation to pursue a course of action depends on

  • expectancy about one’s chances of attaining the incentive
  • and the value of the desired incentive
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6
Q

What are evolutionary theories?

A

Human motives are a product of evolution, based on adaptive value and maximize reproductive success

  • best understood re adaptive problems they solved for hunter-gatherers
  • affiliation motive
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7
Q

How are human needs differentiated?

A
  • bodily needs (10-15)

- social needs (unlimited numbers)

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8
Q

What are the most studied motives?

A
  • sex
  • hunger
  • achievement
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9
Q

How have the theories of hunger evolved over time?

A
  • first thought hunger caused by stomach
  • then thought brain caused hunger w hypothalamus: lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial nucleus
  • now hunger believed to be caused by neural circuits passing through the hypothalamus, LH and VMN just parts of the system
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10
Q

What were thought to be the stop and start centres for hunger in rats?

A
  • lateral hypothalamus was the start centre

- ventromedial nuclei were the stop centre

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11
Q

What two new areas are thought to play role in modulating hunger?

A
  • arcuate nucleus

- paraventricular nucleus

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12
Q

What relation ship does glucose have with hunger?

A
  • actions that decrease blood sugar increase hunger
  • actions that increase blood sugar reduce hunger
  • inverse relationship
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13
Q

What is glucostatic theory?

A

Fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain where they influence hunger

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14
Q

What tells the brain to stop eating?

A
  • cells in stomach signal brain stem to stop via the vagus nerve
  • other nerves activated based on nutrient richness and stomach contents
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15
Q

What are the hormones that regulate hunger?

A
  • insulin: required for glucose extraction by cells
  • ghrelin: secreted by stomach to promote hunger
  • CCK: from upper intestines to reduce hunger
  • Leptin: from fat cells to reduce hunger and inform hypothalamus re fat cells
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16
Q

How does insulin secretion affect hunger?

A

Hunger is increased when insulin is secreted

  • can be triggered by sight and smell of food
  • sensitive to fat stores
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17
Q

Where do the signals from all of the hormones converge?

A

In the hypothalamus in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

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18
Q

What does hunger ultimately depend on?

A

Complex interactions between:

  • neural circuits
  • neurotransmitters
  • digestive processes
  • hormonal fluctuations
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19
Q

What are the key environmental factors of hunger regulation?

A
  • availability of food
  • learned preferences and habits
  • stress
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20
Q

What are the innate taste preferences at birth?

A
  • sweet and fatty

- salty develops at around 4 months

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21
Q

What are the two main taste learning methods?

A
  • classical conditioning (calories + flavours)

- observational learning (familiarity + adult influence)

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22
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight divided by height, squared (kg/m)2

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23
Q

What does evolutionary theory say about obesity?

A
  • eating motivated by instinct that unknown where next meal will come from
  • not everyone will be obese due to overeating due to genetic variations
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24
Q

Is mortality elevated by being moderately overweight?

A

No, possibly due to better treatments for cardio

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25
Q

What supports genetic predisposition to obesity?

A
  • adoption and twin studies

- people inherit genetic predisposition

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26
Q

What are the main causes of obesity?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • excessive eating and inadequate exercise
  • sensitivity to external cues
  • set point concept
  • dietary restraint
  • eating disorders
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27
Q

What is the externality hypothesis for obesity?

A

obese ppl are extra sensitive to external (sensory) cues that affect hunger and insensitive to internal physiological signals

28
Q

What is set point theory?

A

The body monitors fat cell levels to keep them and weight fairly stable

29
Q

What is settling-point theory?

A

weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieves an equilibrium

30
Q

What is the main mechanism in dietary restraint that causes obesity?

A

Disinhibition caused by feeling of failure/cheating

31
Q

What was the result of Masters and Johnson research?

A 
4 stages of sexual responses:
1- excitement
2- plateau
3- orgasm
4- resolution
32
Q

What is vasocongestion?

A

engorgement of the blood vessels

33
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time following orgasm when men are unresponsive to further stimulation

34
Q

What is the correlation between porn and sex crimes?

A

Virtually none, although there is a correlation between aggressive porn and failure in men to see sexual coercion clearly

35
Q

What was Alfred Kinsey’s contribution to research?

A

Scale or continuum of sexual orientation

- ambisexual

36
Q

What is the general percentage of gay population?

A

5-8%

37
Q

What are the psychoanalytic and behaviourist theories of homosexuality?

A
  • Freudian: males are gay when they’re raised by weak, detached, ineffectual fathers over-identified with close-binding mother
  • Behaviourists: learned preference acquired through pairing of same-sex stimuli w sexual arousal (chance seductions)
38
Q

What are the findings re origins of homosexuality?

A

Genetic predisposition exists- twin + adoption studies

- possibly organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development

39
Q

What test is often applied to measure need for achievement?

A

Therapeutic Apperception Test- projective test

40
Q

What is an interesting habit re ppl with high need to achieve?

A

They often select tasks of intermediate difficulty

41
Q

What are the situational factors that influence achievement striving?

A
  • probability of success
  • incentive value
    Intermediate difficulty is therefore the highest value
42
Q

What is a non-situational key motivators?

A
  • strength of motivation
  • Fear of failure
    both stable aspects of personality
43
Q

What are the three elements involved in emotion?

A

1- subjective experience (cognitive)
2- bodily arousal (physiological)
3- characteristic overt expressions (behaviour)

44
Q

What are key cognitive determinants of emotions experienced?

A

Appraisals

45
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
- people not good at predicting intensity or duration

46
Q

Why are people bad predictors of emotional reactions?

A
  • underestimate effectiveness of rationalizations, etc

- cognitive biases insulate from fallout

47
Q

What bodily systems are involved in emotions?

A
  • brain areas
  • neurotransmitter systems
  • autonomic nervous system
  • endocrine system
48
Q

What does a polygraph test measure?

A

Autonomic fluctuations and detects emotions, not lies

49
Q

What are the key indicators in autonomic arousal that a polygraph measures?

A
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • respiration rate
  • galvanic skin response (GSR)
50
Q

What regulates autonomic responses

A

The brain

51
Q

What structures are considered the seat of emotions?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • limbic system
52
Q

What structure plays central role in acquisition of conditioned fears?

A

Amygdala

53
Q

Which pathways do sensory inputs that elicit emotions travel along to arrive in the thalamus?

A
  • fast path: amygdala, autonomic/endocrine arousal

- slow path: cortex, cognitive appraisal

54
Q

What are the other areas in the brain that are involved in modulation of emotions?

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • cingulate cortex
  • mesolimbic dopamine pathway (pleasure)
  • mirror neurons
  • hippocampus
  • lateral hypothalamus
  • brainstem
55
Q

What are the 6 facially identifiable fundamental emotions?

A
  • happiness
  • sadness
  • anger
  • fear
  • surprise
  • disgust
56
Q

What physical response also contributes to our conscious experience of emotions?

A

muscular feedback from facial expressions

- Facial feedback hypothesis

57
Q

What is emotional efference?

A

Changes in facial muscles change blood temperature going to the brain and triggers distinct emotions

58
Q

What are display rules?

A

Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions

59
Q

What are the primary theories of emotion?

A
  • James-Lange Theory: autonomic causes emotion
  • Cannon-Bard Theory: subcortical brain simultaneously causes arousal and feeling
  • Schacter 2-factor theory: autonomic then appraisal then emotion
60
Q

What do evolutionary theorists say about emotions?

A

Emotions are innate reactions to certain stimuli and should be recognizable without much thought
- adaptive value

61
Q

How do evolutionary theorists explain variety in emotions?

A
  • blends of primary emotions

- variations in intensity (Putchik’s model)

62
Q

What factors do not predict happiness?

A
  • money
  • age
  • parenthood
  • intelligence and attractiveness
63
Q

what are moderate predictors of happiness?

A
  • health
  • social activity
  • religion
64
Q

What are strong predictors of happiness?

A
  • love and marriage
  • work
  • genetics and personality
65
Q

What are 5 common fallacies of arguments?

A
  • Irrelevant reasons
  • circular reasoning
  • slippery slope
  • weak analogies
  • false dichotomy

Psych 290 (4 decks)

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