Development

Question 1

What are teratogens?

Answer 1

any external agents such as drugs or viruses that can harm an embryo or fetus

Question 2

What is the driving force behind early motor development?

Answer 2

Infant’s ongoing exploration of their world

Question 3

What can changes be in a cross-sectional study?

Answer 3

cohort effects, drawback

Question 4

What are cohort effects?

Answer 4

differences bw age groups that are due to groups growing up in different time periods

Question 5

What part of a child’s development influences future relationships?

Answer 5

Internal working models of the dynamics of close relationships

Question 6

What are Erikson’s childhood stages and crises?

Answer 6

1- First year: trust vs mistrust?
2- Second-third year: autonomy vs shame and doubt
3- fourth-six years: initiative vs guilt
4- six through puberty: industry bs inferiority

Question 7

What kind of development does Erikson’s theory address?

Answer 7

Personality

Question 8

What kind of development does Piaget’s theory address?

Answer 8

Cognitive

Question 9

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development in Piaget’s model?

Answer 9

1- sensorimotor: birth - 2 yrs- object permanence

• pre-operational: 2-7- no conservation
• concrete operational: 7-11- operations on tangible objects and actual events, master reversibility and decentration and conservation
• formal operational : 11 onward- abstract concepts

Question 10

What basic flaws inhibit the understanding of conservation?

Answer 10

• centration: one feature of a problem
• irriversibility: inability to envision reversing an action
• egocentrism: can’t share another’s viewpoint, animism

Question 11

What is conservation?

Answer 11

The awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Question 12

What is scaffolding?

Answer 12

Vygotsky

- when assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses, facilitates learning

Question 13

Nativists?

Answer 13

Assume humans prewired to understand certain cognitive things and don’t ask why

Question 14

Evolutionary theorists?

Answer 14

Same as nativists but ask why

Question 15

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?

Answer 15

Preconventional: stage 1- right bc punishment
stage 2- right bc reward
Conventional: stage 3- right bc approval/disapproval
stage 4- right bc it’s the rule
Postconventional: stage 5- right but rules are flawed
stage 6- I decide what’s right/ethical

Question 16

What stage is prior to puberty?

Answer 16

Pubescence, 2 years before

Question 17

What sparks beginning of adolescence?

Answer 17

Puberty, primary sex characteristics

Question 18

What is menarche?

Answer 18

First period

Question 19

What is the last area of the brain to mature?

Answer 19

Pre-frontal cortex