Motivation And Emotion Flashcards
What is motivation?
Motivation refers to processes which influence the direction, persistence and vigour of goal direct behaviour. When motivations are achieved, thwarted or threatened, we feel emotions.
What is emotion?
Affective states, adaptive and they help us negotiate our environment and communicate.
Who proposed that motivation and emotions are inextricably linked?
Richard Lazarus
Explain the biological perspective of motivation.
Motivation to achieve and maintain physiological homeostasis. Disruptions to homeostasis motivate us to restore balance.
Explain the psychodynamic perspective of motivation.
Motivation is understood in context of personality development. Unconscious motives, with conscious mental processes, guide emotions and behaviour.
Explain the humanistic perspective of motivation
Humans are motivated to achieve personal growth or reach full potential, and self actualisation (Maslow).
Define homeostasis
A state of physiological equilibrium actively maintained by the body. Physiological disruptions to homeostasis produces drives; internal state of tension motivates organism to reduce tension. Doesn’t explain why we increase drives.
Explain the cognitive perspective of motivation
Driven to maximise pleasure and minimise stress (Gray). BAS and BIS, internal drives and external incentives, intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) motivations.
Explain BAS
Behavioural activation system, which is activated by signals of potential reward and gratification; positive emotions and approach behaviour. Located in the prefrontal lobe in left hemisphere.
Reward cues = BAS = desire, anticipation, approach, behaviour
Explain BIS
Behavioural inhibition system, activated by signals of potential pain, publishers and non-reinforcement.
Punishment cues = BIS = aversion, fear, depression, pain, anticipation, avoidance behaviour.
What are incentives?
Environmental stimuli that pull organisms towards a goal.
Explain the hierarchy of needs
Proposed by Abraham Maslow as he believed humans strive for personal growth. A pyramid involving hierarchy towards self-actualisation. Consists of deficiency needs and growth needs. Regression occurs if the lower needs - deficiency - are not met.
What are some criticisms of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
You can aspire to growth needs before deficiency, concepts are ill-defined.
Explain growth needs and deficiency needs.
Growth: from cognitive needs (knowledge and understanding), to aesthetic needs (beauty, symmetry) to self-actualisation.
Deficiency: physiological needs (food and drink), safety needs (security, psychological safety), belongingness and love needs (affiliation, acceptance, affection), esteem needs (approval and recognition).
Explain the self-determination theory.
Established by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. Assumes we seek to improve, self-actualise and grow. Identifies three fundamental psychological needs; competence, autonomy and relatedness.
What types of motivation are there?
- amotivation
- extrinsic motivation
- intrinsic motivation
Explain amotivation
Non-regulated, and there are no internal or external motivation. There’s no perceived reason to participate and behaviour is not self-determined.
Explain extrinsic motivation
Consists of three components.
- external regulation, behaviour motivated by desire for external reward and avoiding punishment.
- introjected regulation, internalised reasons tied to self-administered rewards and punishment.
- identified regulation, behaviour is self-determined but not enjoyable.
Explain intrinsic motivation.
Internal regulation, behaviour is self-determined and driven by inherent pleasure.
Define behaviour.
Behaviour consists of a spectrum, where it starts as not self-determined - where amotivation sits, a middle part where extrinsic motivation sits and the bottom which is self-determined, where intrinsic motivation sits.
What is metabolism?
Metabolism refers to the body’s rate of energy utilisation. The set point is the standard by which body weight (or fat mass) is regulated. Sets the range for body weight and can be shifted.
Explain biological processes involved in eating
Glucose levels, stomach distension (release of cholecystokinin) and leptin levels.
Explain brain mechanisms involved in eating.
Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, pituitary
What psychological mechanisms relate to hunger?
Positive and negative reinforcement, attitudes and beliefs, habits and body ideals. Expectation of eating being pleasurable becomes strong motivator of behaviour. Eating without needing to, social environment can influence eating patterns. Times of day we eat and types of food are influenced by culture.