Intelligence Flashcards
Define intelligence
Ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively and to deal adaptively with the environment.
Give an example of inductive reasoning.
If you see a red light and you’ve seen it go green before then you know for future reference that it will go green again.
Who set the stage for intelligence testing?
Francis Galton
What did Alfred Binet work on?
Created mental tests to determine whether children in academic environments were at the expected level. If not, then offer ways to boost performance.
Who created IQ?
William Stern, intelligence quotient
Explain the psychometric approach to intelligence
Psychometric: using stats and analyses to get out the structure intelligence. Proposed a two factor theory of intelligence; general intelligence = g and specific components = s. Batter of tests, then rate on performance based on accuracy and speed. Started with Charles Spearman.
Explain Spearman’s technique called correlation
Determined whether there was a relationship between performance on English task and verbal fluency and general knowledge. G factor can predict academic and employment success.
Explain Louis Leon Thurstone’s beliefs
Similar to spearman, but he didn’t believe g-factor, proposed 7 distinct and primary abilities. Approach is pragmatic, easier to increase skills within a domain rather than g.
What seven primary abilities did Thurston identify?
Space: reasoning about spatial info
Verbal comprehension: understanding verbal statements
Word fluency: producing verbal statements
Number facility: dealing with numbers
Perceptual speed: recognising visual patterns
Rote memory: memorisation
Reasoning: dealing with novel problems
Explain crystallised and fluid intelligence.
Raymond Cattell and John Horn heavily influenced by Spearman in that they agreed we have general intelligence. However, they believed it consist of two components which is crystallised and fluid intelligence.
- fluid intelligence: starting work for the first time you try new things and don’t have a lot of experience. You test things out to gain an understanding of how everything works.
- crystallised intelligence: what you store and accrue over time through experience, wisdom or banked knowledge. Working within a job for two years would mean you have crystallised intelligence to solve problems because you are familiar with procedures and policies.
Explain the cognitive processes approach
Interested in understanding how intelligence is expressed. What are the components of intelligence behaviour being expressed? Gives understanding of psychological processes involved.
Explain the triarchic theory of intelligence
- meta components: plan and regulate task behaviour
- performance components: executive strategies specified by meta components.
- knowledge-acquisition components: encode and store information
Explain Gardner’s multiple intelligence.
Argues for broader view of intelligence. Proposes there are multiple intelligences, measured using traditional and non-traditional techniques. He proposed 8 intelligences
What are Gardner’s 8 intelligences?
Linguistic: ability to use language
Logical-mathematical: ability to reason mathematically
Visuospatial: spatial reasoning
Musical: music representation
Bodily-kinesthetic: ability to control bodily movements
Interpersonal: ability to understand and related to others
Intrapersonal: ability to oneself
Naturalistic intelligence: detect and understand natural world.
Explain john Mayer’ who extended on Gardner’s intelligences.
Personal intelligence: being able to identify and use knowledge relevant to yourself. Understand your abilities, being able to make decisions consistent with who you are, understanding others emotions as well. Problem solve effectively for yourself.
Emotional intelligence: being able to understand other people’s emotions and your own, being able to use this understanding to motivate yourself and others and accomplish work. Being able to manage your emotions and managing yourself as well.
