Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Psychological processes that arouse, direct and maintain behaviour towards a goal.

Question 2

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 2

Needs produce a state of tension called a drive

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Maintenance of physiological systems at normal level

Question 4

Optimum-level Theory

Answer 4

Behaviour directed to restore level of arousal to an optimal level. Based on conditioning principles.

Question 5

Incentive Theories

Answer 5

External stimuli regulate motivational states.
Push (drive) versus pull (incentive)
- internal (often biological) drives push
- external (environmental) stimuli pull

Question 6

Hunger and Eating

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Lateral, start mechanism; ventromedial, stop mechanism.

Question 7

Glucostatic Theory

Answer 7

Fluctuations in blood glucose level monitored by the brain.

Question 8

Glucostats

Answer 8

Monitor a cell’s uptake of glucose from the blood

- located in liver, signals to hypothalamus.

Question 9

Hunger and Eating

Hormones

Answer 9

Insulin: (up) levels of contribute to hunger
Leptin: secreted by fat cells that have absorbed triglyceride
- profound effects on metabolism and eating
- anti obesity hormone

Question 10

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

Answer 10

A hormone released when food enters digestive system

Stomach contains receptors for quantity and quality

Question 11

Food preferences

Answer 11

Roast dog versus fresh maggots

Innate preferences and observational learning

Question 12

Set point

Answer 12

A natural point of stability in body weight.

Obesity —> elevated set point

Question 13

Dietary Restraint

Answer 13

Vacillations in dietary restraint lead to obesity
Restrained eaters: constantly control eating impulses, feel guilty when they fail
Disinhibited when they fail

Question 14

Estrogens

Answer 14

Female gonadal hormones

Estrogen levels do not correlate well in women

Question 15

Androgens

Answer 15

Male gonadal hormones
Prenatal organizational effects
Activation effects during adulthood
Androgens related to sexual motivation for both sexes

Question 16

Pheromones

Answer 16

Chemicals secreted by one animal that affects the behaviour of another. Humans may respond to some pheromones but not related to sex drive.

Question 17

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 17

Males maximize their reproductive success with many female partners.

Question 18

Sexual Orientation

Answer 18

Preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same, different or either sex.

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

A display of feelings that are evoked when important events occur.

• behavioural component
• autonomic response - sympathetic
• cognitive component

Question 20

Phineas Gage

Answer 20

Orbitofrontal cortex: base of the frontal lobes.

• info from sensory systems and frontal lobes (planning)
• connections with limbic system

Question 21

Prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 21

Reduce pathological emotional responses.

• serious change in personality
• most normal emotions eliminated

Question 22

James Lange Theory

Answer 22

Different patterns of autonomic arousal lead to different emotions

Question 23

Cannon Bard Theory

Answer 23

Autonomic changes too slow to produce conscious experience of emotion
Different emotions associated with the same autonomic arousal

Question 24

Schachter’s two process theory

Answer 24

Autonomic arousal + cognitive appraisal leads to emotion

Search environment for explanation.