Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

Translation of the physical stimulation into a cognitive code that is used by memory system (usually requires attention)

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

Maintenance of cognitive codes in memory over time

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

Recovery of cognitive codes from memory.

Question 4

Free-recall Task

Answer 4

Report as many items from a list of words in any order

Question 5

Serial Position effect

Answer 5

Consistent curve (U-shaped) observed for list recall.

Question 6

Primacy Effect

Answer 6

Items near the beginning of the list recalled better than other items

Question 7

Recency Effect

Answer 7

Items near the end of the list are recalled better than other items

Question 8

Sensory Memory

Answer 8

Temporary storage of perceptual input for initial memory encoding.
Encoding –> modality specific
Storage
Capacity —> high
Duration —> very short, 0.5 - 4 sec depending on modality
Retrieval —> attentional
Forgetting —> decay

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

Current processing and manipulation of cognitive codes (conscious processing)
Encoding —> phological, visual, spatial
Storage
Capacity —> 5-9 items
Duration —> less than 30 sec without rehearsal
Retrieval —> elaborative rehearsal
Forgetting —> interference and decay

Question 10

Long Term Memory

Answer 10

Permanent memory of information represented in the brain.
Encoding —> several forms
Storage —> episodic, semantic, procedural
Capacity —> unlimited
Duration —> permanent
Retrieval —> reconstructive
Forgetting —> retrieval failure

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

Vision

Question 12

Echoic Memory

Answer 12

Auditory

Names reflect that the representation is a raw sensory code.

Question 13

Whole Report (WR)

Answer 13

Identify all items
Brief display (50 msec)
4-5 items

Question 14

Partial Report (PR)

Answer 14

Identify subset of items cued after the offset of display. Higher report at short cue intervals
PR = WR report after 0.5 sec.
Cannot cue for category (letters versus numbers) so raw sensory.

Question 15

Articulatory/ Phonological Loop

Answer 15

Predominant memory code seems to be phonological —> rehearsal mechanism.
Rehearsal based on neural mechanism referred to as the articulatory/phonological loop.
Acoustic image from Wernicke’s area passed to Broca’s area for subvocal articulation which refreshes acoustic images and forms the look.
Conduction aphasia supports

Question 16

Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

Answer 16

Proposed mechanism of working memory that utilises visually based memory codes.
Mental rotation tasks: indicate that visual representations are manipulated in an analog fashion

Question 17

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 17

Rote Repetition

Question 18

Elaborative Rehearsal and encoding

Answer 18

Integrating new information with existing information in LTM

Question 19

Levels of processing theory

Answer 19

Deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

Question 20

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 20

loss of memory for events prior to occurrence of head trauma

Question 21

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 21

Loss of memory for events after occurrence of head trauma

Question 22

Explicit Memory

Answer 22

Intentional (conscious) recollection of previous experiences
Control > amnesic

Question 23

Implicit Memory

Answer 23

Incidental, unintentional (unconscious) remembering

Control = amnesic

Question 24

Grad and Mandler (1984)

Answer 24

Study six-letter words lists by 
- counting the number of letter 
- evaluate the likeability of each word
Stem completion task 
- use as a cue to remember words 
- report first word that comes to mind 
Depth influences explicit, not implicit 
Shallow processing: implicit > explicit

Question 25

Declarative Memory

Answer 25

Factual Information based upon intentional retrieval (explicit)
Semantic and episodic interact in forming explicit memories.

Question 26

Declarative Memory

Semantic Memory

Answer 26

Encyclopaedic —> facts, conceptual information, vocabulary

Question 27

Declarative Memory

Episodic Memory

Answer 27

Autobiographical —> life experiences, temporal

Question 28

Procedural Memory

Answer 28

Skills and rules memory, primarily automatic or unintentional, implicit retrieval

• anterograde amnesic learn new skills without awareness
• earlier memory system

Question 29

Encoding specificity

Answer 29

How we encode information determines our ability to retrieve it later.

• LTM is context dependent
• Encoding efficiency reliant upon context
• retrieval efficiency reliant upon match of cues to the memory code
• good retrieval cues are consistent with the original encoding
• tip of the tongue phenomenon: solved about 50% of the time, reflects the importance of appropriate retrieval of cue

Question 30

State dependent Memory

Answer 30

Improved Recall when emotional state between encoding and retrieval matches

Question 31

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 31

Episodic memory vividness associated with an emotional event. Vividness of confidence may not reflect accuracy.

Question 32

Reconstructive Remembering

Answer 32

Recall from a long-term memory involves a process of reconstruction involving current knowledge and biases.

Question 33

Misinformation effect

Answer 33

Reconstructive distortions of memory occur in the presence of misleading cues