Motivation Flashcards
Define motivation (and source)
The direction and intensity of one’s effort (Weinbourg and Gould, 2000)
Give 3 theories of motivation and brief explanation
- Deterministic and mechanistic - humans being passive and driven by psychological needs
- Organismic - includes innate needs but also recognise a dialectic occurs between organism and social context
- Cognitive - humans being active and initiating actions through subjective interpretation of the achievement context
What is a 3 things constitute an Achievement Situation?
Performance is evaluated
There is a level of challenge in the task
There is competition with oneself or others
What is Achievement Goal Theory? (source?)
Achievement goals are competence-based aims that individuals target in evaluative settings, i.e. in sport. Originally, two distinctive achievement goals were identified based on the definition of personal competence: task and ego goals (Nicholls 1984; Nicholls 1989)
“A person’s orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure and experience pride in accomplishments” (Gill, 2000)
What is the goal in ‘ego orientation’?
To do better (or not worse) than others
What is the goal in ‘task orientation’?
To improve, focus on the task. This type results in deeper processing
What are the benefits of being task-orientated?
More often leads to a strong work ethic, persistance in the face of failure and optimal performance.
It also protects from disappointment/frustration/lack of motivation when others are performing better.
How does goal orientation change with age?
Until 6/7, child is task orientated. After that, they become more ego-orientated as they begin to compare self to others. From 11/12, either task- or ego-orientated depending on situation.
Who developed the Achievement Goal Theory 2x2 model?
Elliot and MacGregor, 2001
What are the 4 outcomes of the 2x2 model?
Mastery-orientation goals “performing to best of ability”
Mastery-avoidance goals “don’t want to be worse than last time
Performance-approach goals “I want to beat others”
Performance-avoidance goals “I don’t want to be the worst”
In a mastery-oriented climate, for what 4 things will an athlete receive positive reinforcement?
Hard work, improvement, co-operation with others, contribution to the team.
This emphasises improvement.
In an ego-oriented climate, what 3 things will an athlete receive?
Punishment for mistakes, recognition on basis of ability, encouragement of competitive behaviours.
This emphasises normative comparison.
According to Cox (2002), what does a mastery-climate lead to?
Enhanced perception of competence Increased satisfaction and enjoyment Reduced boredom and aggression Greater effort Increased self-esteem Sportsmanlike behaviours
What motivation implications did Roberts and Treasure (2001) find to do with being TASK involved?
Task involved: belief that hard-work and co-operation will lead to success. Associated with certain achievement strategies such as adaptiveness, the value of practice in order to learn and seeking task-relevant information
What motivation implications did Roberts and Treasure (2001) find to do with being EGO involved?
Ego involved: belief that having highest ability will lead to success, cheating to impress the coach. Associated with certain achievement strategies such as avoiding practice and seeking normative info (when percieved own ability to be high)
