Family and social-cultural influences on interpersonal processes

Question 1

How are ‘youth sports’ defined? (source?)

Answer 1

“Youth sports are those involving young people between the ages of 6 to 18 years that are adult organized and/or supervised.” (Duda and Ntoumanis, 2009)

Question 2

What are 3 important objectives of youth sports participation? According to who?

Answer 2

1. Physical health
2. Psychosocial development
3. Performance/motor skills
   (Cote and Fraser-Thomas, 2007)

Question 3

How can parental involvement in youth sports be positive?

Answer 3

Encouragement and support, positive feedback and reinforcement, beliefs about competence, helping out (i.e. refereeing, driving, coaching)

Question 4

How can parental involvement in youth sports be negative?

Answer 4

Pushy parents, under/over involvement (Lindstrom Bremer, 2012), pressure/stress/anxiety, unrealistic expectations, burnout or dropout

Question 5

Who came up with the Expectancy-Value Model (relating to parental involvement in sport)? What does it entail?

Answer 5

Eccles et al., 1998
Expectancy of behaviour x Value of task = child’s motivation.
Refers to a child’s belief about their ability, expectations for success and their task value.

Question 6

According to Rollick and Ryan (1989), what are the 3 key qualities reflecting a parents overall approach to parenting style?

Answer 6

Autonomy-support (encourage independent problem solving and choice)
Structure (clear and consistent guidelines)
Involvement (how interested/knowledgeable and active a parent is their child’s chosen sport)

Question 7

What did Rollick and Ryan (1989) find with regards to autonomy-support style of parenting?

Answer 7

Positively associated with self-regulation and competence at school

Question 8

Who looked at the parenting styles of ‘autonomy-support’ and ‘controlling’ and ‘mixed’ in a study of U12 and U14 female footballers? What behaviours were found in the study the authors conducted?

Answer 8

Holt et al., 2009.
Autonomy-support style: involve children in decisions about sport, let child learn from mistakes, open communication, able to read child’s mood
Controlling: unable to read child’s mood, lack of open communication, enforced extra practice, punishment for not meeting expectations, controlled boundaries and structure.
Mixed: situation dependent

Question 9

What did Deci and Ryan (1985) conclude regarding autonomy support parenting style?

Answer 9

The children had greater intrinsic motivation and self-determined and there was an enhancement of well-being.

Question 10

What questionnaire is used regarding parents in sport? Developed by who?

Answer 10

Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ).

Wuerth et al (2004)

Question 11

What differences between mothers and fathers perceptions of self did Wuerth, Lee and Alfermann (2004) report?

Answer 11

Mothers saw themselves more as source of praise whereas fathers gave greater goal-directed behaviour.

Question 12

Wuerth, Lee and Alfermann (2004) found what with regards to athletes who successfully transitioned?

Answer 12

These athletes reported more active parental involvement.

Question 13

Relationship between parental presence and pre-match anxiety?

Answer 13

Bois et al. (2009) found parental presence at match positively related to pre-match anxiety in young male and female basketball players and young female tennis players

Question 14

What did Babkes and Weiss (1999) find?

Answer 14

Children enjoyed football more when perceived parents held positive beliefs about their football competence

Question 15

What can lead to athletes developing a fear of failure? According to who?

Answer 15

Parental-controlling behaviour and high expectations.

Sagar and Lavallee (2010)

Question 16

In a study spanning 147 matches across 7 sports, were more parental comments positive or negative?

Answer 16

Kidman, McKenzie and McKenzie (1999) found 47.2% of comments were positive (praise/motivational) but 34.5% were negative.

Question 17

What are the child’s preferences for their parents behaviour during their matches?

Answer 17

Encourage entire team, focus on effort rather than outcome, interact positively with players during the game, maintain control of emotions, don’t stand out from the crowd, don’t argue with officials
(Knight et al, 2011)

Question 18

What has research found regarding racism and cricket in Britain?

Answer 18

Burdsey (2011) found that British Asian top-level cricket players had experiences of discrimination, often not reported and downplayed as ‘banter’ between teammates.

Question 19

How can inclusivity be enhanced?

Answer 19

Being reflective about personal views, sharing and celebrating members perspectives and promoting a collectivist culture

Question 20

Did males or females prefer an autocratic leadership style according to Riemer and Toon (2001)?

Answer 20

Males