Motivation Flashcards
What is the “push” and “pull” of motivation?
drive and incentive
what is incentive?
any external object/event that motivates behaviour
what is drive?
perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need
what are the levels of Maslow’ Hierarchy, bottom to top?
physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging-ness, esteem, and self-actualization
what is an example of a physiological need?
water, food, sleep, sex
what is an example of safety?
shelter, i.e. a safe and secure environment
what does the “love and belongingness” level refer to?
the need to obtain and give affection
what is the need for esteem?
the need to develop a sense of self-worth
what is self-actualization?
a state of self-fulfillment
______ motivation is performing actions for external reinforcement/to avoid punishment
extrinsic
what is an example of extrinsic motivation?
working to receive money, i.e. a reward
_____ motivation is self-reinforcing experiences, no outside motivation or incentive is needed
intrinsic
what is an example of intrinsic motivation?
watching Netflix, because you want to
_______________ is the energizing basis or natural organismic activity
intrinsic motivation
what is a con to external rewards?
reduce intrinsic motivation
what are the 3 things that drives intrinsic motivation?
autonomy, competence, relatedness
what is autonomy?
feeling free of external pressures, able to make choices freely
what is competence?
taking on challenging tasks then experiencing a sense of mastery when conquering
what is relatedness?
caring for others, to feel a satisfying involvement with the social world
hunger is still present when the stomach is surgically removed, true or false?
true
when before, during, and after eating blood glucose levels……
drop then rise
neuropeptide Y and ghrelin are both responsible for _____
stimulating hunger
insulin and leptin are hormones responsible for ___________
inhibiting hunger
what hormone promotes satiety (fullness)?
insulin
what would a leptin deficient mouse’s eating habits be like?
it would constantly eat
the “hunger center” of the brain is in the…..
lateral hypothalamus
“satiety center” of the brain is in the…….
ventromedial hypothalamus
what are reasons people have sex?
desire to reproduce, obtain/give pleasure, express love and intimacy, fulfill “duty”, conform to peer pressure
what is the idea that men have more positive attitudes about casual sex?
meta-analysis
what is the parental investment theory?
cost of sex is much greater for women than men (pregnancy)
what are the 3 stages of the physiology of sex (orgasm)?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
what are some examples of Self-conscious emotions?
embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame, humiliation
what are emotions?
Occur in response to a personally meaningful situation
what are the 4 levels of Russel’s 2 dimensional model of emotion
displeasure, high arousal, pleasure, low arousal
emotions have 4 components: ______, ______, _______, and _______ ______
cognitive, physiological, behavioral, and subjective changes
what is an Antecedent Event?
A situation that may lead to an emotional response
what is an example of an external emotional response resulting from an antecedent event?
a bear growling at you, and you show fear
what is an example of an internal emotional response resulting from an antecedent event?
self generated thoughts (anxiety)
what does a cognitive appraisal mean in terms of emotion?
Different appraisals can result in different behaviours (Different reactions to same event)
what did the Dutton & Aron, (1974) study reveal?
Male subjects who thought they were going to get a “strong shock” were more attracted to a female confederate. Cognitive appraisal changed “fear” into “desire”
What is the pathway for an unconscious emotional response in the brain?
Sensory Input, Thalamus, Amygdala, Rapid Emotional Response
What is the pathway for a conscious emotional response in the brain?
Sensory Input, Thalamus, Cortex, Less Rapid Emotional Response
what are the two particular emotions that involve arousal?
fear & anger
why is a polygraph test not admissible in court in Canada (still used in criminal investigations)?
High false positive rate (from sensing fear)
what are expressive behaviours defined as?
Displays of emotion, can evoke empathy
what are instrumental behaviours defined as?
Response to situation, achieve some goal (i.e. coping)
what did the investigation of fundamental emotional patterns teach us (relating to expressing emotion)?
Children blind from birth express basic emotions as sighted children do (certain emotions are innate)
what are display rules (relating to emotion)?
learned norms or rules about when, and to whom, it is appropriate to express certain emotions
what is the James-Lange theory (somatic theory of emotion)?
Body informs mind, Physiological reactions determine emotions
what is the Cannon-Bard theory?
cognition is involved… stimuli, thalamus, cortex, emotion
what is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
Muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experience
The intensity of physiological arousal tells us ……
how strongly we are feeling something
situational cues give us the information we need to….
label the arousal and tell ourselves what we are feeling
