Motivation

Question 1

What is the “push” and “pull” of motivation?

Answer 1

drive and incentive

Question 2

what is incentive?

Answer 2

any external object/event that motivates behaviour

Question 3

what is drive?

Answer 3

perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need

Question 4

what are the levels of Maslow’ Hierarchy, bottom to top?

Answer 4

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging-ness, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 5

what is an example of a physiological need?

Answer 5

water, food, sleep, sex

Question 6

what is an example of safety?

Answer 6

shelter, i.e. a safe and secure environment

Question 7

what does the “love and belongingness” level refer to?

Answer 7

the need to obtain and give affection

Question 8

what is the need for esteem?

Answer 8

the need to develop a sense of self-worth

Question 9

what is self-actualization?

Answer 9

a state of self-fulfillment

Question 10

______ motivation is performing actions for external reinforcement/to avoid punishment

Answer 10

extrinsic

Question 11

what is an example of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 11

working to receive money, i.e. a reward

Question 12

_____ motivation is self-reinforcing experiences, no outside motivation or incentive is needed

Answer 12

intrinsic

Question 13

what is an example of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 13

watching Netflix, because you want to

Question 14

_______________ is the energizing basis or natural organismic activity

Answer 14

intrinsic motivation

Question 15

what is a con to external rewards?

Answer 15

reduce intrinsic motivation

Question 16

what are the 3 things that drives intrinsic motivation?

Answer 16

autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 17

what is autonomy?

Answer 17

feeling free of external pressures, able to make choices freely

Question 18

what is competence?

Answer 18

taking on challenging tasks then experiencing a sense of mastery when conquering

Question 19

what is relatedness?

Answer 19

caring for others, to feel a satisfying involvement with the social world

Question 20

hunger is still present when the stomach is surgically removed, true or false?

Answer 20

true

Question 21

when before, during, and after eating blood glucose levels……

Answer 21

drop then rise

Question 22

neuropeptide Y and ghrelin are both responsible for _____

Answer 22

stimulating hunger

Question 23

insulin and leptin are hormones responsible for ___________

Answer 23

inhibiting hunger

Question 24

what hormone promotes satiety (fullness)?

Answer 24

insulin

Question 25

what would a leptin deficient mouse's eating habits be like?

Answer 25

it would constantly eat

Question 26

the "hunger center" of the brain is in the.....

Answer 26

lateral hypothalamus

Question 27

"satiety center" of the brain is in the.......

Answer 27

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 28

what are reasons people have sex?

Answer 28

desire to reproduce, obtain/give pleasure, express love and intimacy, fulfill "duty", conform to peer pressure

Question 29

what is the idea that men have more positive attitudes about casual sex?

Answer 29

meta-analysis

Question 30

what is the parental investment theory?

Answer 30

cost of sex is much greater for women than men (pregnancy)

Question 31

what are the 3 stages of the physiology of sex (orgasm)?

Answer 31

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 32

what are some examples of Self-conscious emotions?

Answer 32

embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame, humiliation

Question 33

what are emotions?

Answer 33

Occur in response to a personally meaningful situation

Question 34

what are the 4 levels of Russel's 2 dimensional model of emotion

Answer 34

displeasure, high arousal, pleasure, low arousal

Question 35

emotions have 4 components: ______, ______, _______, and _______ ______

Answer 35

cognitive, physiological, behavioral, and subjective changes

Question 36

what is an Antecedent Event?

Answer 36

A situation that may lead to an emotional response

Question 37

what is an example of an external emotional response resulting from an antecedent event?

Answer 37

a bear growling at you, and you show fear

Question 38

what is an example of an internal emotional response resulting from an antecedent event?

Answer 38

self generated thoughts (anxiety)

Question 39

what does a cognitive appraisal mean in terms of emotion?

Answer 39

Different appraisals can result in different behaviours (Different reactions to same event)

Question 40

what did the Dutton & Aron, (1974) study reveal?

Answer 40

Male subjects who thought they were going to get a “strong shock” were more attracted to a female confederate. Cognitive appraisal changed “fear” into “desire”

Question 41

What is the pathway for an unconscious emotional response in the brain?

Answer 41

Sensory Input, Thalamus, Amygdala, Rapid Emotional Response

Question 42

What is the pathway for a conscious emotional response in the brain?

Answer 42

Sensory Input, Thalamus, Cortex, Less Rapid Emotional Response

Question 43

what are the two particular emotions that involve arousal?

Answer 43

fear & anger

Question 44

why is a polygraph test not admissible in court in Canada (still used in criminal investigations)?

Answer 44

High false positive rate (from sensing fear)

Question 45

what are expressive behaviours defined as?

Answer 45

Displays of emotion, can evoke empathy

Question 46

what are instrumental behaviours defined as?

Answer 46

Response to situation, achieve some goal (i.e. coping)

Question 47

what did the investigation of fundamental emotional patterns teach us (relating to expressing emotion)?

Answer 47

Children blind from birth express basic emotions as sighted children do (certain emotions are innate)

Question 48

what are display rules (relating to emotion)?

Answer 48

learned norms or rules about when, and to whom, it is appropriate to express certain emotions

Question 49

what is the James-Lange theory (somatic theory of emotion)?

Answer 49

Body informs mind, Physiological reactions determine emotions

Question 50

what is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 50

cognition is involved... stimuli, thalamus, cortex, emotion

Question 51

what is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

Answer 51

Muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experience

Question 52

The intensity of physiological arousal tells us ......

Answer 52

how strongly we are feeling something

Question 53

situational cues give us the information we need to....

Answer 53

label the arousal and tell ourselves what we are feeling