Motivation Flashcards
What are the two types of motivation
Extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation
What are the types of extrinsic motivation?
External regulation - behaviour change to get a reward and avoid punishment. Not psychologically on board
Introjection - behaviour change to maintain self-esteem. Pressure to change to avoid guilt or attain ego or pride
Identification - person identifies with importance of the task. Accepts regulation of behaviour
Integration - most autonomous . More a person internalises reason for action the more they assimilate it into the self
What is intrinsic motivation
When people are working towards personally meaningful goals
Feedback of competence often enhances motivation
Deadlines and competition often reduce intrinsic motivation as people see them as controlling their behaviour
What is skinners theory?
Operant conditioning
Behaviour that is reinforced tends to be repeated
Behaviour not reinforced tends to be extinguished
Positive reinforcement - gives a reward when behaviour is met
Negative reinforcement - removes an unpleasant stimulus when behaviour is met
Punishment - punishes animal when bad behaviour is present
What are the types of reinforcement for external regulation?
Continuous - reinforcement on every response, low resistance to extinction
Fixed interval - reinforcement on a fixed interval , low resistance to extinction
Variable interval - average reinforcement across a set time period, very high resistance to extinction
Fixed ratio - reinforcement every set number of responses , low resistance to extinction
Variable ratio - average reinforcement every set number of response, very high resistance. Similar to gambling
What does Tyler say about zynga?
Tyler 2011
Zynga “appeals to the same psychology as gambling”
What game mechanics use extrinsic motivation?
Rewards for returning to the game
Refilling energy or number of moves available
Viral messaging as social game mechanic
Objects hidden to be found in the game
Rotation of virtual goods (limited time offers)
Task scheduling
How does zynga use external regulation?
Fixed ratio - players get a useful item every day they log in
Variable ratio - players are confronted with objects in the game that need to be scared away on a variable ratio schedule
Fixed interval - players energy bars refilled over time, also need to come back to harvest and feed plants
Variable interval - players receive gifts from other players often at random
What else does zynga Implement?
Punishment - plants die if you do not come back on time
Introjection - viral elements to show off success
Setting goals
What does Oettingen say about goals?
Found that we set goals when we recognise a discrepancy In our current situation
We are motivated to reduce discrepancy
What is the drive theory?
Lawrence and Nohria 2002
Propose we are motivated by 4 drives
The drive to acquire
The drive to bond
The drive to defend
The drive to learn
What evidence is there for the drive to acquire?
Through evolution and humans would have been selected for their drive to acquire basic needs such as food, shelter and sexual consummation
What evidence is there for the drive to learn?
Humans are curious and have a need to learn. They experience those that makes sense moments.
Every culture has a creation and afterlife story. People seem to need these beliefs to fill the gap in their knowledge.
What evidence is there for the drive to bond?
Early humans without this gene would be less likely to pass on their genes
Females without this gene would be less likely to help their child survive
Groups of individuals who are bonded together have a better chance of survival
What evidence is there for the drive to defend?
Possible the first drive to evolve before acquire
Originally would have evolved as an alarm system to prepare the body to hide or fight back
As other drives evolved the drive to defend would evolve secondary emotions and function to account for these
