Motivation Flashcards
definition of extrinsic motivation
comes from an external source
definition of intrinsic motivation
comes from within - inner drive
e.g. pride, enjoyment
2 types of extrinsic motivation
tangible
intangible
tangible
physical
can be touched
e.g. medal
intangible
can’t be touched
e.g. praise
motivational strategies
develop intrinsic motivation
use of extrinsic rewards - tangible and intangible
goal setting
varied activities
use of role models
punishment
peer pressure
feedback
4 main motives as to why people participate in sport and exercise
physical wellbeing
psychological well being
improvement (enhanced) of performance
assertive achievement
how will intrinsic motivation enhance performance for intrinsically motivated performers?
have a feeling of pride and enjoyment in performing the skill
desire to overcome the problem or task by developing skills to achieve
rehearse successful habits until they are perfect
repeat goal setting in order to progress and maintain motivation
5 strategies to develop intrinsic motivation
making activity fun and enjoyable
focus on performance goals rather than outcome goals
feel a sense of control and pride
setting challenging goals
less dependent on rewards
why should tangible rewards be used sparingly?
avoid situation where winning prize is more important than competing well
why should intangible rewards be used regularly?
encourage the athlete to repeat the behaviour which earned the praise
3 positive impacts/benefits of using extrinsic rewards
motivating - additive principle - contingent rewards
can help change behaviour to preferred behaviour
reinforces/encourages positive behaviour
3 negative impacts/drawbacks of using extrinsic rewards
dependency can have a negative impact when withdrawn - e.g. stop playing
use of extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation
too many rewards - lose meaning
increase pressure on sportsperson to perform - lead to cheating/deviance
3 types of goals
performance goal
outcome goal
process orientated goals
what does SMARTER stand for
specific
measurable
achievable
recorded
time-phased
exciting
revisable
performance goal
task orientated
based on personal standards
e.g 85% success rate from frees
outcome goals
based on end results
achieved successfully - motivation increase
not achieved - stress and anxiety set in
process orientated goals
based on technique and tactics
advantages of developing intrinsic motivation
self-motivated people are more likely to remain involved
advantages of using extrinsic rewards
if not self motivated this can be highly effective
advantages of goal setting
SMART gives focus and long term target
promotes perseverance
advantages of varied activities
fun/novel activities encourage participation
advantages of use of role models
can inspire people to copy
advantages of punishment
privileges withdrawn until desired behaviour
advantages of peer pressure
encourage ‘non performers’ to take part
advantages of feedback
motivate
disadvantages of developing intrinsic motivation
none
disadvantages of use of extrinsic rewards
loss of intrinsic motivation
reliance
may lead to cheating/deviance
disadvantages of goal setting
unrealistic goals may be set
if not achieved motivation can fall
disadvantages of varied activities
participants might prefer to focus only on this aspect
disadvantages of use of role models
non-identifying with role model can cause disaffection
not all role models are appropriate
disadvantages of punishment
some may be proud of dysfunctional behaviour
lead to lack of self-esteem
disadvantages of peer pressure
peers not active friends might not
disadvantages of feedback
cause some despair
6 ways to motivate underachievement
develop intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
set realistic but challenging personal goals/challenges
make training enjoyable
immediate reinforcement during matches of good play
raise self-efficacy
use of positive role models & vicarious experiences e.g. oppositions performance
5 ways to motivate learning of a new skill
set realistic but challenging personal goals/challenges
appropriate presentation of skill whole/part
knowledge and use of transfer - tennis and volleyball serve
provide/receive feedback
give appropriate guidance
achievement motivation
our drive to succeed for its own sake
competitiveness
motivation to achieve in sport
theorist for achievement motivation
Atkinson
what does Atkinson say about achievement motivation
achievement motivation depends on a combination of personality and situational factors
2 types of personality
Nach - need to achieve
Naf - need to avoid failure
Nach
promote
approach behaviour
takes risks
striving for excellence
seeks evaluative situations
seek feedback
incentive value in just trying and doing better
attributes success to internal factors
high intrinsic motivation
Naf
discourage
avoidance behaviour
avoids risks
doesn’t seek evaluative situations
doesn’t seek feedback
gives up easily
need big incentive to try
only participate in sport when feel they will win at sport
heroic failure - don’t mind having a go at something everyone else will fail at
attributes success to external factors
low intrinsic motivation
2 types of situations
P of S - Probability of success
I for S - Incentive for success
Probability of success
evaluated by making a comparison of your ability level with that of your opponents
Incentive for success
degree of satisfaction gained by beating a superior player will be high
5 strategies to increase need to achieve behaviour
using positive reinforcement to increase feelings of pride and satisfaction
differentiation - setting tasks with a choice of difficulty so everyone can achieve
use of positive role models
gradually increasing task difficulty as self-esteem improves
providing opportunities for success - choosing tasks that everyone can achieve, but are still sufficiently challenging
self-efficacy
situation specific form of self confidence
confidence
arouses positive attitude
reduces fear of failure, increase Nach
enables setting of challenging goals
enables focus on important aspects of task
increases effort
lack of confidence/self - esteem
causes learners to give up
fear of failure and ridicule
stress under pressure
causes concentration on outside stressors
causes setting of goals as too easy or too hard
over-confidence
inadequate preparation
low motivation
low arousal
theorist for self-efficacy
Bandura
why is self-efficacy so important?
it is the expectation of being competent and successful in a particular task
4 variables in Bandura’s Model
Performance Accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal
high level of self efficacy
positive athletic performance
low level of self efficacy
negative athletic performance
strategies to enhance self-efficacy for performance accomplishments
provide opportunities for performers to experience early success
use strategies such as imagery to allow players to visualise success or self-talk to boost confidence
set attainable and realistic goals that can be met to give performers the feeling of success - goals should be performance rather than outcome
strategies to enhance self-efficacy for vicarious experiences
give players opportunities to watch performers of a similar standard achieve
encourage players in attributing success to internal factors such as ability and effort
strategies to enhance self-efficacy for verbal persuasion
use praise/encouragement and positive body language
encourage players to act confident
strategies to enhance self-efficacy for emotional arousal
teach performers how to view arousal in a positive way
may involve use of arousal reducing techniques
