Motivation Flashcards
from Motivation and Emotion
Who and when invented the polygraph machine?
John Agustus Larson, 1921
What is another name commonly used for the polygraph machine?
Lie detector
What are the two psychological factors that contributes to success?
Motivation and Emotions.
What is motivation?
Motivation refers to the various psychological and physiological factors that cause a person to act in a specific way at a particular time.
What are the three characteristics of motivation?
- Energized: Motivation provides the energy to take action.
- Direct: Motivation guides actions toward a specific direction.
- Intensities: The level of motivation varies, such as mildly motivated, moderately motivated or highly motivated.
How many types of motivation theories are there? What are they?
There are three types of motivation theories.
- Content Theory: Also known as theories based on needs, they focus on what motivates people based on their needs.
-
Process Theory: In process theory, we study how people give meaning to rewards and make decisions on work-related behavior.
Ex: someone will be motivated by getting ₹100 but at the same time another one might not be motivated because he is already rich -
Reinforcement Theory: This theory explains how people’s behavior is influenced by environmental consequences.
i.e., when an individual does something, the environment reacts to it, which in turn motivates further behavior.
What are the Content theories of motivation?
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Hierarchy of Needs Theory
- Presented by Abraham Maslow
- Presented by McClelland
- Two-Factor Theory (Presented by Herzberg)
- ERG Theory (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth)
-
Acquired Needs Theory
.
(Various other theories also form part of content theories of motivation.)
What are the process theories of motivation?
- Equity Theory
- Expectancy Theory
- Goal Setting Theory
What are the must-study 10 theories of motivation for the entrance exam?
-
Instinct Theory
- Presented by Freud
- Presented by MacDougall
- Presented by William James
- Biological Approach of Motivation
- Drive Theory of Motivation
- Maslow’s Need Theory
- McClelland’s Need Theory
- Two-Factor Theory
- Equity Theory
- Expectancy Theory
- McGregor’s Participative Theory
- Urwick’s Theory
What are the instincts listed by McDougall?
William McDougall identified a variety of instincts that guide human behavior. Some key instincts listed by McDougall include:
- Hunting Instinct / Hunger Instinct: The drive to seek food for survival.
- Rejection of Substance: The instinct to avoid harmful substances.
- Sexual Instinct / Sexual Intercourse: The drive for reproduction.
- Crying
- Laughter: A social and emotional response tied to joy or amusement.
- Comfort: The instinct to seek physical or emotional comfort.
- Sleep/Rest: The natural need for rest and refreshment.
- Migration: The instinct to move to new locations, often for survival or better conditions.
- Parental Instinct / Maternal and Paternal Instincts: The instinct to care for and nurture and protect offspring.
- Gregariousness / Social Instinct: The desire to engage in social bonding and relationships.
- Self-assertive Instinct: The desire to express individuality and assert one’s will.
- Submission: The tendency to yield or submit in certain situations.
- Curiosity: The drive to explore and learn the unknowns.
- Escape: The instinct to flee from danger or threat.
- Pugnacity Tendency to engage in aggressive or combative behavior, often in response to threats or challenges, ready to fight.
- Construction: The instinct to build and create communities or structures.
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Acquisitive Instinct: The drive to acquire resources, such as food, wealth, or power.
etc…
What are the Instinct Theories explained by three different psychologists?
-
Sigmund Freud’s Freudian Motivation Theory:
- Freud posited that unconscious psychological forces, such as hidden desires and motives, shape an individual’s behavior.
-
Two Types of Instincts:
- Life Instinct (Eros): Includes activities necessary for survival, such as sexual activities, eating, etc.
-
Death Instinct (Thanatos): individuals presenting death instincts through engaging in aggressive behavior or dangerous activities without considering the threat, e.g., fighting, stunts.
(sometimes we could find that individuals are not hearing themselves while they are doing dangerous activities. when individual involved in dangerous activities without thinking about their threat and consequences that is death instinct)
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William McDougall’s Instinct Theory:
- Defined instinct as an inborn capacity for a purposive action.
- According to McDaugal there are two characteristics of instincts:
- There must be inborn capacity
- and there is a purpose.
So if there are inborn capacity for purposive action, we can say that is instinct
- Examples:
Ability to suck (Infant sucking),
Ability to speak (to make communication)
Ability to cry (infant crying to get something/ to get attention).
-
William James’s Instinct Theory:
- James argued that any behavior exhibited by an individual without prior exposure or education or experience and no matter it is inborn capacity or not, that is instinct according William James.
- Example: A mother taking care of her baby, which is not an inborn capacity but a behavior that develops over time.
Who are the three theorists contributed to the instinct theories of motivation ?
-
Sigmund Freud
- Life Instinct (Eros)
- Death Instinct (Thanatos)
- William McDougall
- William James
When did McDougall claim that humans were motivated by a variety of instincts?
in 1908, McDougall claimed that humans are motivated by a variety of instincts in his book “An Introduction to Social Psychology”.
Which hormone serves as a stop-eating signal to the brain?
CCK (Cholecystokinin): A hormone that acts as a stop-eating signal to the brain. It is released in the small intestine and helps regulate appetite by promoting satiety.
Which part of the hypothalamus acts as the hunger center (start eating center), and which part of the hypothalamus acts as the satiety center (stop eating center)?
- Lateral Hypothalamus: Acts as the hunger center, stimulating the drive to eat.
- Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Acts as the satiety center, signaling fullness and stopping the urge to eat.
