Emotions

Question 1

What is the device used in a polygraph machine to detect finger pulse volume?

Answer 1

The device is called a Plethysmograph. It measures blood flow and volume changes at the fingertip, helping detect physiological responses during a polygraph test.

Question 2

Who and when developed the ‘Three-Dimensional Classification’ of emotions?

Answer 2

The Three-Dimentional Classification of emotions, in other names 3D classification model of emotions / Circumplex Model of Emotions was developed by psychologist Robert Plutchik in 1980. This model classifies emotions into a 3 dimensional framework by organizing them in a wheel-like structure. It identifies 8 primary emotions arranged in a circular structure, along with variations of these emotions displayed vertically within each category to represent different levels of intensity (Ex: annoyance, anger and rage are different levels of intensity of a primary emotion - anger).

8 Primary emotions of 3D classification model:
1. Joy
2. Trust
3. Fear
4. Surprise
5. Sadness
6. Disgust
7. Anger
8. Anticipation

These emotions can vary in intensity and combine to form complex emotional experiences.

(Anticipation refers to the feeling of awareness and expectation about something that is going to happen in the future. It involves mentally preparing for an event or outcome, whether positive or negative.)

Question 3

What is the structure of the nervous system?

Answer 3

The nervous system in our body is divided into two main types:

1. Central Nervous System (CNS):
   
   • Includes the brain and spinal cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
   
   • Comprises all nerves outside the CNS.
   • Further divided into:
     
     • Somatic Nervous System: Controls skeletal muscles (voluntary actions).
     • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls the autonomic functions of organs (involuntary actions).

The Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems:

• Sympathetic Nervous System:
  
  • Activates the “fight or flight” response.
  • Causes dilation of pupils, acceleration of heart rate, and inhibition of intestinal activity.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System:
  
  • Promotes “rest and digest” activities.
  • Causes constriction of pupils, deceleration of heart rate, and normalization of intestinal activity.

In general:
- Sympathetic activity increases physiological arousal to prepare the organism for vigorous activity.
- Parasympathetic activity reduces physiological arousal and restores homeostatic balance.

Question 4

What is EEG?

Answer 4

EEG stands for Electroencephalogram. It reflects the brain’s electrical activity and is recorded using metal electrodes attached to the scalp.

• EEG is a component of polygraph machine used to study brain wave patterns.

Question 5

Excessive time spent in the resistance phase of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome contribute to?

a. Increased time needed to adapt to new emotional situations
b. Decreased motivation to perform novel tasks
c. Stress-related diseases like ulcers or heart conditions
d. A reduction in the drive to achieve goals.

Answer 5

Stress-related diseases like ulcers or heart conditions.

Explanation:
Prolonged time in the resistance phase depletes the body’s resources, making it more vulnerable to diseases during the exhaustion phase. This can lead to stress-related health issues.

Question 6

Identify the theory that suggests the human brain counteracts a strong positive or negative emotion by evoking an opposite emotional response.

Answer 6

Answer: Opponent-Process Theory

Explanation:
The Opponent-Process Theory explains how the brain maintains emotional balance by evoking an opposite emotional response to counteract a strong positive or negative emotion.

• Example: The initial euphoria of a drug may later lead to problematic addictions (negative emotion). Conversely, stressful or challenging experiences often result in sustained good feelings and even happiness.

Question 7

Assertion (A): According to two-factor theory, cognitive appraisal of cues in the environment helps the individual label the emotions.
Reason (R): An individual is aroused when he confronts any emotion-producing event.

Options:
a. A is true but R is false
b. Both A and R are false
c. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
d. A is false but R is true

Answer 7

Answer: c. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Explanation:
1.The two-factor theory of emotion proposed by Schachter and Singer suggests that physical arousal and cognitive labelling play critical roles in emotion.
2.The two-factor theory suggests that emotion comes from a combination of a state of arousal and a cognition that makes best sense of the situation the person is in. For example, the two-factor theory of emotion argues that when people become aroused, they look for cues as to why they feel the way they do.
3.The process begins with the stimulus (the strange man), which is followed by the physical arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling). Added to this is the cognitive label (associating the physical reactions to fear), which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the emotion (fear).

Question 8

If a stimulus causes strong emotion, such as fear or pleasure, an opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends. This is the concept of __________ theory.

Answer 8

Answer: Opponent-process theory

Explanation:
The Opponent-process theory suggests that when a stimulus causes a strong emotion (e.g., fear or pleasure), an opposite emotion (e.g., calm or sadness) tends to occur once the stimulus ends. This theory helps explain how emotional responses are balanced by counteracting emotions over time, particularly in the context of intense experiences.

Question 9

Which of the following factors that moderate the stress response, explains why different stressors produce different responses based upon the person’s interpretation of the stressors?

• a. Social backup
• b. Cognitive appraisal
• c. Perceived control

Answer 9

Answer: Cognitive appraisal

Explanation:
Cognitive appraisal is the process by which an individual interprets and evaluates a stressor. It plays a critical role in determining how a person will respond to stress. If a person appraises a stressor as a threat, it may lead to higher stress levels. If the stressor is appraised as a challenge or something manageable, the response may be less intense.

This concept was introduced by Richard Lazarus and refers to how we assess whether a situation is threatening, neutral, or beneficial, and how our emotions and actions are shaped by these perceptions.

Question 10

Factors predisposing an individual toward feelings of jealousy include?

Options:
a. Self-Esteem
b. Insecurity of self-conception
c. Lack of intensity of feeling of love
d. Self-hate
e. None of the above

Answer 10

Answer:
Insecurity of self-conception

Explanation:
Jealousy is an emotion characterized by negative feelings such as insecurity, fear, and anxiety over the perceived threat of losing something valuable, especially in relationships. It often arises from a lack of confidence in one’s self-worth or sense of self, leading to doubts about one’s value in the relationship. Individuals who are insecure about themselves may be more prone to feelings of jealousy when they feel threatened by external factors or other people.

While other factors might influence jealousy, “insecurity of self-conception” is the most direct and relevant answer in this context.

Question 11

Factors predisposing an individual towards feelings of jealousy include:

Options:
a. Self-hate
b. Comparison
c. Lack of intensity of feeling of love
d. Insecurity of self-conception
e. All of the above

Answer 11

Answer:
All of the above

Explanation:
Jealousy can be triggered by various factors, including self-hate, which involves negative feelings towards oneself; comparison, where individuals compare themselves to others and feel inferior; lack of intensity in feelings of love, which can make someone feel uncertain about the relationship; and insecurity in self-conception (Self-conception means the way an individual perceives and understands themselves), which leads to doubts about one’s own worth or place in the relationship. All of these factors contribute to the experience of jealousy.

Question 12

What is the most universally recognized facial expression?

Answer 12

Answer:
Smiling

Explanation:
Smiling is the most common facial expression and is the most universally recognized.

Question 13

What does bereavement refer to?

Options:
a. The period of emotional adjustment that follows the death of a loved one.
b. The intense emotional state that follows the death of a lover, friend, or relative.

Answer 13

Answer:
The period of emotional adjustment that follows the death of a loved one.

Explanation:
Bereavement refers to the emotional process of adjustment after the death of a loved one. It involves the period of emotional healing as individuals cope with the loss.

Question 14

Emotional experience requires a combination of two factors:

1. Visceral arousal and
2. The recognition that the visceral arousal is due to an emotion-provoking event

Which theory of emotion best supports these statements?

Options:
a. James-Lange theory
b. Social comparison theory
c. Two factor theory

Answer 14

Answer:
Two factor theory

Explanation:
The two-factor theory holds that the experience of fear requires both a stirred-up physiological state and a perception that one is in danger. Neither factor is sufficient by itself to produce the emotion of fear. The theory suggests that physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to label it as an emotion. This theory explains why physiological arousal caused by non-emotional events, like exercise, doesn’t lead to an emotional experience.

Question 15

Arousal is _______ during sleep?

Options:
a. Low
b. Zero

Answer 15

Answer:
Low

Explanation:
Arousal theory assumes that humans are driven to maintain a certain level of arousal to feel comfortable. It varies throughout different states:
- Low during sleep
- Zero at death
- High during excitement
- Moderate during normal work

This fluctuation in arousal helps maintain a balance for optimal functioning.

Question 16

Facial feedback hypothesis means:
1. Your facial expression affects other’s emotions.
2. Other’s facial expression affects your emotions.
3. Facial expression provides feedback to the brain about emotions.
4. All the three

Options:
a. 1 and 3
b. 1 only
c. 1 and 2
d. 3 only

Answer 16

Answer:
a. 1 and 3

Explanation:
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences:
- 1. Your facial expression can affect others’ emotions.
- 3. Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about emotions.
For example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience. This hypothesis assumes that facial expression provides feedback to brain which intensify and cause emotions.

Question 17

As per Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotions, one shall experience emotions based on situational clues when?

1. There is a physiological arousal
2. There are cognitions/explanations available for arousal
3. There is no physiological arousal
4. There are no proper explanations available for one’s arousal

Options:
a. 1 and 4
b. 1 and 2
c. 3 and 4
d. 2 and 3

Answer 17

Answer:
b. 1 and 2

Explanation:
According to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion, emotional experience is based on two factors:
- 1. Physiological arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating).
- 2. Cognitive labeling (the process of identifying and interpreting the source of the arousal based on situational clues).
This theory suggests that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation work together to generate emotions. If there’s no physiological arousal or no cognitive label, emotions may not be experienced in the same way.

Question 18

If the task is relatively ____________ the optimal level of arousal will be high.

Options:
a. Simple
b. Complex
c. Applied
d. All of the above

Answer 18

Answer:
a. Simple

Explanation:
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, for simple tasks, the optimal level of arousal is high, as higher arousal levels enhance performance. However, for complex tasks, the optimal arousal level tends to be lower, as too much arousal can impair performance.

Further Clarification:
1. Arousal: This refers to the state of being alert, awake, and ready to perform. It can be thought of as the level of energy or excitement someone feels. For example, when you’re excited or anxious, your arousal level is high.

2. Optimal Level of Arousal: This is the best or most ideal level of arousal for performing a task. It’s the perfect balance of being alert enough to focus, but not so much that it makes you nervous or overwhelmed.

Now, relating it to the flashcard:

• For simple tasks (like tying your shoes or doing a basic math problem), you don’t need to think too deeply. A high level of arousal helps you stay energetic and alert, allowing you to complete the task quickly and efficiently without overthinking.
• For complex tasks (like solving a difficult puzzle or writing an essay) need more focused thinking, problem-solving, and concentration. When you’re highly aroused (excited or anxious), your brain might get overwhelmed or distracted by those strong emotions, making it harder to think clearly or focus.

Example:
Imagine you’re about to take a big exam. If you’re too nervous (high arousal), your mind might go blank or you might struggle to think through the problems clearly. You might even make mistakes because your brain is too stressed to process the information properly.

On the other hand, if you’re in a calm and focused state (moderate arousal), you can think more clearly, stay organized, and tackle the problem in a more structured way.

In Summary:
Simple tasks: High arousal (alertness, excitement) helps you perform better.
Complex tasks: Too much arousal can overwhelm your brain, making it harder to think and process information, so a lower level of arousal works best for clear thinking.

Question 19

When a polygraph operator asks a subject, “Have you ever lied to your parents?” he or she is using:

Options:
a. a control question.
b. An experimental question
c. Deception
d. A critical question
e. An irrelevant question

Answer 19

Answer:
a. a control question.

Explanation:
Control questions are designed to elicit a physiological response that establishes a baseline for truthfulness or deception. Asking if someone has lied to their parents is a typical control question because it assumes most people have and may trigger a measurable response, helping compare it to responses to more specific, critical questions.

Question 20

Overall relationship between arousal and efficiency can be described as:

Options:
a. Non homeostatic
b. An inverted U function
c. A negative correlation

Answer 20

Answer:
An inverted U function

Explanation:
The inverted U function describes how performance is optimal at moderate levels of arousal. Too little or too much arousal can lead to decreased efficiency, as explained by the Yerkes-Dodson Law.

Question 21

Assertion (A): Performance of a person is a function of their motivational level.
Reason (R): There is a linear relationship between arousal and performance.

Options:
a. A is true but R is false
b. Both A and R are false
c. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
d. A is false but R is true

Answer 21

Answer:
a. A is true but R is false

Explanation:
(linear means: arranged in a straight or nearly straight line).
Performance indeed depends on motivational level, but Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that the relationship between arousal and performance follows an inverted U-shaped curve, not a linear one. Thus, while the assertion is correct, the reason is false.

Question 22

Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously?

Options:
a. James-Lange theory
b. Schachter-Singer theory
c. Cannon-Bard theory
d. Two-factor theory

Answer 22

Answer:
c. Cannon-Bard theory

Explanation:
The Cannon-Bard theory states that emotional expressions result from the functions of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feelings are triggered by the stimulation of the dorsal thalamus. This theory posits that physiological changes and subjective emotional feelings occur simultaneously in response to a stimulus, and one does not precede the other.
(Precede means: come before something)

Question 23

Which theory suggests that an emotion is produced when an event or object is perceived by the thalamus, which conveys this information simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system?

Options:
a. Common sense theory
b. Opponent Process theory
c. Cannon-Bard theory
d. James-Lange theory
e. Cognitive-appraisal theory

Answer 23

Answer:
c. Cannon-Bard theory

Explanation:
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, posits that emotions and physiological reactions (such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension) occur simultaneously. According to this theory, the thalamus plays a central role by sending messages to both the brain (cerebral cortex) and the body (skeletal muscles and autonomic nervous system), producing emotional and physiological responses at the same time.

Question 24

The theory that particular facial expressions induce particular emotional experiences is known as the ____________ theory of emotion.

Answer 24

Answer:
Facial-feedback theory

Explanation:
The facial feedback theory suggests that facial expressions not only reflect emotions but also play a causal role in regulating emotional experiences and behaviors. For instance, smiling can lead to feelings of happiness, while frowning might induce feelings of sadness.

Question 25

Which theory holds that we are afraid because we run or are angry because we strike?

Answer 25

Answer:
James-Lange Theory

Explanation:
The James-Lange Theory of Emotion posits that emotions are the result of physiological reactions to events. For example, we don’t feel afraid and then run; rather, we run, and our body’s response causes us to feel fear. Similarly, we don’t feel angry and then strike; the action of striking leads to the emotional experience of anger. This theory emphasizes the role of bodily responses in the experience of emotions.

Question 26

American psychologist William James claimed that physiological changes precede emotional experiences, an idea later incorporated by the:

Options:
a. Common-sense theory
b. Cannon-Bard theory
c. James-Lange theory
d. Opponent Process theory
e. Cognitive-appraisal theory

Answer 26

Answer:
James-Lange theory

Explanation
The James-Lange theory of emotion was proposed independently by William James (psychologist) and Carl Lange (physiologist). This theory posits that emotions are the result of physiological reactions to external events. For example, you feel afraid because your body is trembling or your heart is racing, rather than trembling because you feel fear. This idea emphasizes the primacy of physiological changes in the emotional experience.