Motivation

Question 1

The processes that account for an individual’s
intensity, direction, and persistence of effort
toward achieving a goal.

Answer 1

Motivation

Question 2

How hard an
individual tries.

Answer 2

Intensity

Question 3

Goals should benefit the
organization,
quality of effort given.

Answer 3

Direction

Question 4

How long one can
maintain his/her
efforts toward a goal

Answer 4

Persistence

Question 5

is not directly observable (it varies
from individual to individual), as it is
personal (what is arousing differs and
how behavior is directed is often
different), however the process is
common and it is goal directed.

Answer 5

Motivation

Question 6

refers to the act of giving employees reasons or incentives to work to achieve organizational objectives

Answer 6

Motivating in Engineering Management

Question 7

MOTIVATING SPECIFIES THREE STAGES:

Answer 7

activating
sustaining
directing

Question 8

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO MOTIVATION

Answer 8

1. WILLINGNESS TO DO A JOB
2. SELF – CONFIDENCE IN CARRYING OUT A TASK
3. NEEDS SATISFACTION

Question 9

People who like what they are doing and are passionate are highly motivated to produce the expected output.

Answer 9

1. WILLINGNESS TO DO A JOB

Question 10

When employees feel that they have the required skill and training to perform a task, the more motivated they become.

Answer 10

2. SELF – CONFIDENCE IN CARRYING OUT A TASK

Question 11

People will do their job well if they feel that by doing so, their needs will be fulfilled and satisfied.

Answer 11

3. NEEDS SATISFACTION

Question 12

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Answer 12

MASLOW’S NEEDS HIERARCHY THEORY
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
EXPECTANCY THEORY
GOAL SETTING THEORY

Question 13

a psychologist, theorized that human beings have five basic needs which are as follows:

a. Physiological
b. Security
c. Social
d. Esteem
e. Self–Actualization

Answer 13

Abraham Maslow
MASLOW’S NEEDS HIERARCHY THEORY

Question 14

These are concerned with biological needs like food, drink, rest and sex fall under the category of physiological needs.
These needs take priority over other needs as they are survival and universal needs for the human.

Answer 14

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS

Question 15

After satisfying the physiological needs, people will seek to satisfy their safety needs.
In a chaotic environment, safety enables people to establish stability and regularity.

These needs include freedom from harm coming from the elements or from other people, financial security which may be affected by loss of job or the bread-winner in the family etc.

Answer 15

SECURITY NEEDS

Question 16

After satisfying his physiological and security needs, the employees will now strive to receive love, affection, and the needs to be accepted by peers.

Answer 16

SOCIAL NEEDS

Question 17

The fourth level need is called esteem needs and they refer to the needs for a positive self-image and self-respect which results from skill or mastery in a task and the needs to be respected and receive the attention from others.

Answer 17

ESTEEM NEEDS

Question 18

The fifth and the topmost level needs in the hierarchy are called self-actualization needs and involve realizing our full potential us human beings and becoming all that we are able to be.

Answer 18

SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS

Question 19

THE RELEVANCE OF MASLOW’S NEEDS HIERARCHY THEORY IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

Answer 19

The theory has been largely questioned, one basic premise cannot be discarded: a fulfilled need no longer motivates an individual. If this is the situation the subordinate is in, the engineer manager must identify an unfulfilled need and work out a scheme so that the subordinate will be motivated to work in order to satisfy the unfulfilled need.

Question 20

Developed by Frederick Herzberg indicating that satisfied employee is motivated from within to work harder and that a dissatisfied employee is not self-motivated.

He theorized that the satisfaction of employees has had two dimensions which are: “Motivation” and “Hygiene”

Answer 20

HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY

Question 21

Herzberg found that satisfied employees mentioned the following factors (called _______) responsible for job satisfaction; achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth.

Answer 21

satisfier or motivational factors

Question 22

Dissatisfied employees mentioned the following factors (called __________) as responsible for job dissatisfaction company policy and administrator suspension, relationship with peers, personal life, and relationship with subordinate, status and security.

Answer 22

dissatisfaction on hygiene factors

Question 23

Motivational model based on the assumption that an individual will work depending on his perception of the probability of his expectations to happen.

The theory possesses the idea that motivation is determined by expectancies and valences.

Answer 23

EXPECTANCY THEORY

Question 24

______ is a belief about the likelihood or probability that a particular behavioral act will lead to a particular outcome like promotion.

Answer 24

Expectancy

Question 25

_______ is the value an individual places or the expected outcomes or rewards

Answer 25

Valence

Question 26

EXPECTANCY THEORY IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS:

Answer 26

1. A combination of forces within the individual and in the environment determines behavior.
2. People make decisions about their own behavior and that of organizations.
3. People have different types of needs, goals, and desires.
4. People make choices among alternative behaviors based on the extent to which they think a certain behavior will lead to a desired outcome.

Question 27

Process of improving performance with objectives, deadlines or quality standards.

The __________ model drawn by Edwin A. Locke and his associates consists of the following components: goal content, goal commitment, work behavior, feedback aspects.

Answer 27

GOAL SETTING THEORY

Question 28

sufficient in content, goals must be challenging, attainable, specific and measurable, time-limited, and relevant.

Answer 28

Goal Content

Question 29

individuals or groups are committed to the goals they are supposed to achieve, there is a chance that they will be able to achieve them.

Answer 29

Goal Commitment

Question 30

goals influence behavior in terms of direction, effort, persistence, and planning.

Answer 30

Work Behavior

Question 31

provide the individuals with a way of knowing how far they have gone in achieving objectives.

Answer 31

Feedbacks Aspects

Question 32

TECHNIQUES FOR MOTIVATION

Answer 32

MOTIVATION THROUGH JOB DESIGN
MOTIVATION THROUGH PARTICIPATION
MOTIVATING THROUGH REWARDS

Question 33

A person will be highly motivated to perform if he is assigned a job he likes. Job design may be defined as “specifying the tasks that constitute a job for an individual or a group.”

In _____________, two approaches may be used: fitting people to jobs and fitting jobs to people.

Answer 33

MOTIVATION THROUGH JOB DESIGN

Question 34

Routine and repetitive tasks make workers suffer from chronic dissatisfaction. To avoid this, the following remedies may be adapted:

a. Realistic Job Interviews – where management provides honest explanations of what a job actually
entails.

b. Job Rotation – where people are moved periodically from one specialized job to another.

c. Limited Exposure – where a worker’s exposure to a highly fragmented and tedious job is limited.

Answer 34

FITTING PEOPLE TO JOBS

Question 35

Instead of changing the person, management may consider changing the job. This may be achieved with the use of the following:

a. Job Enlargement – where two or more specialized tasks in a work flow sequence are combined into a single
job.

b. Job Enrichment - where efforts are made to make
jobs more interesting, challenging and rewarding.

Answer 35

FITTING JOBS TO PEOPLE

Question 36

When employees participate in deciding various aspects of their jobs, the personal involvement, often time, is carried up to the point where the task is completed.

The specific activities identified where employees may participate are as follows:
1. Setting goals
2. Making decisions
3. Solving problems
4. Designing and implementing organizational changes

Answer 36

MOTIVATION THROUGH PARTICIPATION

Question 37

A method of direct employee participation is the___________. The objective of the QCC is to increase productivity and quality of output.

The circle consists of a “group of three to ten employees, usually doing related work, who meet at regular intervals (once a week for an hour, for example) to identify problems and discuss their solutions.

Answer 37

QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLES

Question 38

When workers have reached a certain degree of discipline, they may be ripe for forming self-managed teams. Also known as autonomous work groups or high-performance teams, self-managed teams “take on traditional managerial tasks as part of their normal work routine.”

The self-managed teams work on their own, turning out a complete product or service and receiving minimal supervision from managers who act more as facilitators than supervisors.

Answer 38

SELF-MANAGED TEAMS

Question 39

OTHER MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES

Answer 39

Flexible Work Schedule
Family Support Services
Sabbaticals

Question 40

There is an arrangement, called flextime, which allows employees to determine their own arrival and departure times within specified limits.

An alternative to this arrangement is the adaptation of the forty-hour work in four days allowing the employee to choose a “day-off”.

Answer 40

FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES

Question 41

Employees are oftentimes burdened by family obligations like caring for children. Progressive companies provide day care facilities for children of employees.

Answer 41

FAMILY SUPPORT SERVICES

Question 42

A sabbatical leave is one given to an employee after a certain number of years of service. The employee is allowed to go on leave for two months to one year with pay to give him time for family, recreation and travel.

It is expected that when the employee returns for work, his motivation is improved.

Answer 42

SABBATICALS

Question 43

Rewards consist of material and psychological benefits to employees for performing tasks in the workplace. Properly administered reward systems can improve job performance and satisfaction.

Answer 43

MOTIVATING THROUGH REWARDS

Question 44

REWARDS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO CATEGORIES

Answer 44

Extrinsic
Intrinsic

Question 45

those which refer to payoffs granted to individual by another party. Examples are money, employee benefits, promotions, recognition, status symbols, praise, etc.

Answer 45

Extrinsic

Question 46

those which are internally experienced payoffs which are self-granted. Examples are a sense of accomplishment, self-esteem, and self-actualization.

Answer 46

Intrinsic