Motivation

Question 1

Operant conditioning theory

Answer 1

people will do things for which they are rewarded and will avoid doing things for which they are punished. (a strong nurture argument)

Question 2

Neutral operant

Answer 2

responses from the environment that don’t affect a behaviour

Question 3

Reinforcers-

Answer 3

responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated.

Question 4

Punishers

Answer 4

Responses from the environment that decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated.

Question 5

Positive reinforcement

Answer 5

adding something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

Question 6

Negative reinforcement

Answer 6

Removing something to increase the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Adding or removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour

Question 8

Effective feedback is

Answer 8

• Timely, Relatively Frequent, Relevant, Credible

Question 9

Job Rotation

Answer 9

periodic shifting of workers from one task to another.

Question 10

Job enlargement

Answer 10

Increasing the number and variety of tasks performed.

Question 11

Job Enrichment

Answer 11

Applying the Job characteristics model to make the job more meaningful & motivating.

Question 12

Relational job design

Answer 12

Designing work so employees are motivated to promote the well-being of the organization’s beneficiaries.

-Relate stories from customers who have benefited from the company’s products of services
-Connect employees directly with beneficiaries.

Question 13

Job sharing

Answer 13

-can increase workforce
-can increase motivation/satisfaction
-Hard to find compatible employees
-employee image costs
-High administrative involvement

Question 14

Flextime

Answer 14

Reduces absenteeism.
Increases productivity.
Good for work-family only for certain industries

Question 15

Telecommuting

Answer 15

Relevant to knowledge work
Good for remote locations
Reduce environmental impact
Larger labour pool
Lower overhead costs
Less direct supervision
Coordination concerns

Question 16

Pay transparency- Pros

Answer 16

There’s a positive link between pay transparency, task performance, and employee retention.
When pay is secret people can still infer unfairness in pay decisions.

Pay transparency can reduce pay discrimination.

Question 17

Pay transparency - Cons

Answer 17

Pay transparency could increase conflict and reduce collaboration.
Pay transparency made employees more envious of their higher-paid colleagues and it made them less likely to help them
Implications: we don’t need to publish specific numbers, but publishing how pay is decided could be helpful

Question 18

Using pay to motivate
Major strategic rewards decisions:

Answer 18

• What to pay employees
• How to pay individual employees
• What benefits to offer?
• How to construct employee recognition programs

Question 19

Establishing a pay structure, a balance between:

Answer 19

• Internal equity- the worth of the job to the organization
• External equity- the external competitiveness of an organization’s pay relative to pay elsewhere in its industry
• A strategic decision with trade- offs

Question 20

Variable-Pay programs

Answer 20

Base a portion of the payment on a given measure of performance.

Question 21

Seven types of variable pay

Answer 21

1. Piece-rate pay plan: Fixed sum for each unit.
2. Merit-base pay: Based on performance appraisal.
3. Bonuses: Based on recent performance
4. Skill-based pay: Based on acquired skills or jobs.
5. Profit-sharing plans: Based on company profitability.
6. Gainsharing: Based on group productivity and waste reduction
7. Employee-stock ownership plan (ESOP)

Question 22

Improving reward effectiveness

Answer 22

• Link reward to performance
• Ensure rewards are relevant and valued.
• Use team rewards for interdependent jobs.
• Watch out for unintended consequences.
• Make things fair (Distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal)

Question 23

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 23

1.Physiological and survival needs.
2.Safety and security needs.
3.Social needs.
4.Ego and esteem.
5.Self-actualization.