Motivation Flashcards
Opposed to intrinsic motivation, an individual will be extrinsically motivated if
They are motivated by external rewards rather than because activities themselves are enjoyable
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are
mutually exclusive
Westerners emphasize what type of motivation
Intrinsic
In social loafing how does an individual´s work input differ when performance is measured on a group level, as opposed to on an individual basis?
When measured on a group level, individual work input tends to be less
Social loafing is more prevalent in what type of society
Individualistic societies
Gabrenya, Wang and Latane: Chinese and American children were tested on tone counting, comparing performances working alone and as a pair. Who performed better as a pair, and aligns more with the philosophy of social striving?
China
Earley tested American, Chinese and Israeli managers in three different conditions: alone, ingroup, and outgroup. Which group worked the hardest when working alone?
USA
In an independent self, motivation is
Powered from inside
In an interdependent self, motivation is
Powered from outside
American Hierarchy of needs, according to Maslow, focuses on…
Inner needs of individuals.
Pyramid: bottom - physiology, T1 - safety, T2 Belonging, T3 Self-esteem, Top - self-steem
The Chinese hierarchy of needs focuses on…
Requirements of the social order
Pyramid: bottom - belonging, T1 - physiology, T2 - safety, Top - self-actualisation in the service of society
According to Asch´s conformity study, after seeing a group giving incorrect answers to an unambiguous task, what type of answer did a group of American participants give?
Around 3/4 also gave the wrong answer at least once.
Marcus & Kitayama: interdependent view of self
Individual strives to fit in
Marcus & Kitayama: independent view of self
Individual strives to be unique and express oneself
Kim and Markus pen study
Two sets of pens: three black (majority), and two blue (minority). Americans and Asians where asked to choose one as a gift after answering a questionnaire. Asians chose the majority colour, as they tended to rate the common shape as more desirable. In contrast, Americans rated the uncommon shape as more desirable.
Self-serving cognition
People tend to make an internal attribution for their success and make an external attribution for their failure.
Heine et al. self-serving conditions: Participants were asked to rate a task after getting feedback on their performance, by taking into account four things:
- The perceived accuracy of the test
- importance of the skill
- importance of creativity
- feeling after feedback
Memory bias for self-enhancing events
People remember their action or performance better than it actually was, and tend to remember successful events and forget failures
BIRGing stands for
Basking in reflected glory
BIRGing consists of
Enhancing self-esteem by identifying or claiming affiliation with a successful group.
Those who have a realistic view of themselves tend to be more (Taylor & Brown)
Depressed
Self-enhancement is not salient in east Asians, does this mean they have poorer mental health?
No, as self-esteem is not an important concept In East Asian cultures
What type of society focuses on others feeling good about them, rather than focusing on feeling good about oneself?
Collectivistic societies
¨Face¨ is
the social value given by others if one fulfils socials obligations and expectations
Face is more easily lost than gained (Hamamuraet al., 2009) so..
In cultures concerned with face, people have more of a prevention orientation than promotion orientation
Prevention orientation
One tries to avoid negative outcomes
Promotion orientation
One strives to secure positive outcomes
What separates prevention and promotion orientation ?
Their focus
Prevention orientation focuses on
Weakness to avoid future failure
promotion orientation focuses on
Strength to strive advancement
In prevention-focused groups (like East Asians), what type of role model motivates them the most?
Negative role models, because they want to avoid being like them
Self-enhancement can be motivated by two different things
Success and failure
Self-enhancement motivated after success
A desire to view oneself positively and work on things that one is good at
Self-enhancement motivated after failure
A desire to seek out one’s potential weaknesses and try to correct them
What are Carol Dweck´s Implicit theories regarding the nature of the self?
Entity (fixed) theory of self and Incremental (growth) theory of self
Carol Dweck´s Entity (fixed) theory of self
The belief that our selves are fixed and unchangeable.
Carol Dweck´s Incremental (growth) theory of self
The belief that our selves are malleable and can be changed through effort.
What is the meaning of failure according to entity (fixed) theory of self?
Lack of ability, “One’s ability is independent from effort. If one needs effort, one may not have sufficient ability.”
What is the meaning of failure according to incremental (growth) theory of self?
Needs more effort, “Effort leads to improvement.”
Choice is associated with which psychological aspects?
Sense of freedom, autonomy and control; a way of self-expression, uniqueness, preference; motivation increase
Does choice increase motivation? Na & Kitayama
In western cultures, more choice increases motivation
Personal Choice
Made by and for yourself = choice that reflects unique internal attributes
Interpesonal choice
Made by others for others = choice that involves important others and their approval
