Motivation

Question 1

Opposed to intrinsic motivation, an individual will be extrinsically motivated if

Answer 1

They are motivated by external rewards rather than because activities themselves are enjoyable

Question 2

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are

Answer 2

mutually exclusive

Question 3

Westerners emphasize what type of motivation

Answer 3

Intrinsic

Question 4

In social loafing how does an individual´s work input differ when performance is measured on a group level, as opposed to on an individual basis?

Answer 4

When measured on a group level, individual work input tends to be less

Question 5

Social loafing is more prevalent in what type of society

Answer 5

Individualistic societies

Question 6

Gabrenya, Wang and Latane: Chinese and American children were tested on tone counting, comparing performances working alone and as a pair. Who performed better as a pair, and aligns more with the philosophy of social striving?

Answer 6

China

Question 7

Earley tested American, Chinese and Israeli managers in three different conditions: alone, ingroup, and outgroup. Which group worked the hardest when working alone?

Answer 7

USA

Question 8

In an independent self, motivation is

Answer 8

Powered from inside

Question 9

In an interdependent self, motivation is

Answer 9

Powered from outside

Question 10

American Hierarchy of needs, according to Maslow, focuses on…

Answer 10

Inner needs of individuals.
Pyramid: bottom - physiology, T1 - safety, T2 Belonging, T3 Self-esteem, Top - self-steem

Question 11

The Chinese hierarchy of needs focuses on…

Answer 11

Requirements of the social order
Pyramid: bottom - belonging, T1 - physiology, T2 - safety, Top - self-actualisation in the service of society

Question 12

According to Asch´s conformity study, after seeing a group giving incorrect answers to an unambiguous task, what type of answer did a group of American participants give?

Answer 12

Around 3/4 also gave the wrong answer at least once.

Question 13

Marcus & Kitayama: interdependent view of self

Answer 13

Individual strives to fit in

Question 14

Marcus & Kitayama: independent view of self

Answer 14

Individual strives to be unique and express oneself

Question 15

Kim and Markus pen study

Answer 15

Two sets of pens: three black (majority), and two blue (minority). Americans and Asians where asked to choose one as a gift after answering a questionnaire. Asians chose the majority colour, as they tended to rate the common shape as more desirable. In contrast, Americans rated the uncommon shape as more desirable.

Question 16

Self-serving cognition

Answer 16

People tend to make an internal attribution for their success and make an external attribution for their failure.

Question 17

Heine et al. self-serving conditions: Participants were asked to rate a task after getting feedback on their performance, by taking into account four things:

Answer 17

1. The perceived accuracy of the test
2. importance of the skill
3. importance of creativity
4. feeling after feedback

Question 18

Memory bias for self-enhancing events

Answer 18

People remember their action or performance better than it actually was, and tend to remember successful events and forget failures

Question 19

BIRGing stands for

Answer 19

Basking in reflected glory

Question 20

BIRGing consists of

Answer 20

Enhancing self-esteem by identifying or claiming affiliation with a successful group.

Question 21

Those who have a realistic view of themselves tend to be more (Taylor & Brown)

Answer 21

Depressed

Question 22

Self-enhancement is not salient in east Asians, does this mean they have poorer mental health?

Answer 22

No, as self-esteem is not an important concept In East Asian cultures

Question 23

What type of society focuses on others feeling good about them, rather than focusing on feeling good about oneself?

Answer 23

Collectivistic societies

Question 24

¨Face¨ is

Answer 24

the social value given by others if one fulfils socials obligations and expectations

Question 25

Face is more easily lost than gained (Hamamuraet al., 2009) so..

Answer 25

In cultures concerned with face, people have more of a prevention orientation than promotion orientation

Question 26

Prevention orientation

Answer 26

One tries to avoid negative outcomes

Question 27

Promotion orientation

Answer 27

One strives to secure positive outcomes

Question 28

What separates prevention and promotion orientation ?

Answer 28

Their focus

Question 29

Prevention orientation focuses on

Answer 29

Weakness to avoid future failure

Question 30

promotion orientation focuses on

Answer 30

Strength to strive advancement

Question 31

In prevention-focused groups (like East Asians), what type of role model motivates them the most?

Answer 31

Negative role models, because they want to avoid being like them

Question 32

Self-enhancement can be motivated by two different things

Answer 32

Success and failure

Question 33

Self-enhancement motivated after success

Answer 33

A desire to view oneself positively and work on things that one is good at

Question 34

Self-enhancement motivated after failure

Answer 34

A desire to seek out one’s potential weaknesses and try to correct them

Question 35

What are Carol Dweck´s Implicit theories regarding the nature of the self?

Answer 35

Entity (fixed) theory of self and Incremental (growth) theory of self

Question 36

Carol Dweck´s Entity (fixed) theory of self

Answer 36

The belief that our selves are fixed and unchangeable.

Question 37

Carol Dweck´s Incremental (growth) theory of self

Answer 37

The belief that our selves are malleable and can be changed through effort.

Question 38

What is the meaning of failure according to entity (fixed) theory of self?

Answer 38

Lack of ability, “One’s ability is independent from effort. If one needs effort, one may not have sufficient ability.”

Question 39

What is the meaning of failure according to incremental (growth) theory of self?

Answer 39

Needs more effort, “Effort leads to improvement.”

Question 40

Choice is associated with which psychological aspects?

Answer 40

Sense of freedom, autonomy and control; a way of self-expression, uniqueness, preference; motivation increase

Question 41

Does choice increase motivation? Na & Kitayama

Answer 41

In western cultures, more choice increases motivation

Question 42

Personal Choice

Answer 42

Made by and for yourself = choice that reflects unique internal attributes

Question 43

Interpesonal choice

Answer 43

Made by others for others = choice that involves important others and their approval