Gender

Question 1

Stoet et al. Math Performance and anxiety study. What does it consist of?

Answer 1

Students participated in a study where math performance was assessed in correlation with levels of anxiety, comparing between genders. Math anxiety was higher among girls, even those that performed well.

Question 2

Schmitt: Personality traits. Which are the big five?

Answer 2

Neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion

Question 3

what trait has the more pronounced differences between genders?

Answer 3

Neuroticism

Question 4

In what traits do most women report significantly higher scores?

Answer 4

Neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness

Question 5

Schwartz´s basic human values are

Answer 5

self-direction (creativity, freedom), stimulation (exciting life), universalism (social justice, equality), benevolence (helpfulness), conformity (obedience), tradition (humility, devoutness), security (social order), power (authority, wealth), achievement (success, ambition), hedonism (pleasure)

Question 6

Which of Schwart´s basic human values are more common in females?

Answer 6

benevolence and universalism

Question 7

Which of Schwart´s basic human values are more common in males?

Answer 7

power, achievement, hedonism

Question 8

Hopcroft and McLaughlin: what gender is more prone to report feelings of depression

Answer 8

Across 23 countries, more females reported depression

Question 9

What gender presents higher levels of self-esteem

Answer 9

Males, across 48 nations according to Bleidorn

Question 10

Biological approaches to gender: evolutionary theory

Answer 10

Reproductive differences between men and women have led to psychological differences over evolutionary history

Question 11

Parental investment theory (Trivers)

Answer 11

Because 9 months of pregnancy represent a heavy parental investment for women, these tend to be choosier than men, whom only have to donate sperm (lower parental investment)

Question 12

Evolutionary theory of gender: sexual selection

Answer 12

Men and women are more likely to choose mates who display traits that enable their own likelihood of reproducing. Because some traits are preferred in mates, these traits become selected for in each gender over time.

Question 13

Hormonal approach to gender

Answer 13

Gender differences are owing to hormonal differences in males and females. Testosterone associated with aggression, for example.

Question 14

sociocultural theories of gender

Answer 14

Gender is socially constructedEntirely a product of socialization within a particular local culture

Question 15

Relativist perspective of gender

Answer 15

cultures differ, and therefore so do gender differences

Question 16

Biosocial theory of gender (Wood and Eagly)

Answer 16

Division of labour developed according to men´s and women´s physical differences. This division is no longer as functional thanks to modern developments (birth control)

Question 17

Ecocultural theory of theory

Answer 17

Different ecologies give rise to different subsistence economies (ie nomadic hunting, agricultural, …), which vary in the enforcement of division of labour by sex and are linked to child-rearing practices

Question 18

Ecocultural theory of gender: what are the six dimensions of child-rearing (Barry et al)?

Answer 18

Nurturance, responsibility, obedience, independence, self-reliance, and achievement

Question 19

Six dimensions of child-rearing (Barry et al), which dimensions do girls socialize for?

Answer 19

Compliance dimension, girls socialize for nurturance, responsibility and obedience

Question 20

Six dimensions of child-rearing (Barry et al), which dimension do boys socialize for?

Answer 20

Assertiveness dimension, boys socialize for independence, self-reliance, and achievement

Question 21

According to the ecocultural theory of gender, how does gender relate to the division of labour in agricultural groups?

Answer 21

Large gender division of labour = large gender differences

Question 22

According to the ecocultural theory of gender, how does gender relate to the division of labour in nomadic or industrial groups?

Answer 22

smaller division of labour = smaller gender differences

Question 23

Why is it that boys have better spatial ability than girls in agricultural societies according to the ecocultural approach to gender?

Answer 23

greater gender division of labour = boys explore the environment, with the aim to find food. Whereas girls have to stay to take care of more vulnerable individuals in the group. Nomadic societies: both sexes explore environment to find food = no gender differences in spatial ability

Question 24

Activity, strength, and favorability of gender stereotypes (Williams and best)

Answer 24

Activity more male, strength more male, favorability more female. Dominance and autonomy were associated with men, and nurturance with women

Question 25

Do children follow gender stereotypes?

Answer 25

According to Best, Williams, et al., children have learned gender stereotypes by age 5

Question 26

Gender role ideology

Answer 26

Defined as beliefs about how men and women ought to be. Traditionally, both genders are fundamentally different. Whereas in egalitarian ideologies, they are fundamentally similar

Question 27

Gender role ideology in wealthier countries

Answer 27

More education, more individualism. Economic development leads to a higher status for women (Kagitcibasi).

Question 28

Gender role ideology in collectivist wealthy countries

Answer 28

Lingering tradition leads to gender role traditionalism

Question 29

In male surplus populations, gender ideologies tend to become …

Answer 29

Polarized. Competing for scarce females through status competition with other men leads to hyper-masculinity. Greater paternal uncertainty, so males are more likely to control women’s sexual behaviour leading to hyper-femininity.