Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

A shared way of life of a group of people

A

Culture

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2
Q

Explicit culture exists…

A

Outside the individual

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3
Q

Explicit culture includes

A

Language, behaviour, customs, cultural products, institutions, etc.

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4
Q

Culture is both

A

Explicit and implicit

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5
Q

Implicit culture exists…

A

Inside the mind of individuals

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6
Q

Implicit culture consists of

A

Intangible, unobservable aspects that can often be inferred from self-report measures

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7
Q

Implicit culture includes

A

Values, beliefs, meaning

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8
Q

Cross-cultural psychology is

A

The scientific study of variations in human behaviour, taking into account the ways in which behaviour is influenced by cultural context.

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9
Q

Cross-cultural psychology takes both

A

A comparative approach and contextualizes phenomena within a particular time and place.

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10
Q

Mainstream psychology focuses on

A

The western world

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11
Q

96% of psychology study participants were from

A

Western industrialized countries

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12
Q

Mainstream psychology is culture blind because

A

It ignores cultural influences on behaviour

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13
Q

What are the factors established by Hofstede’s typology

A

Individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity

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14
Q

Power distance is

A

The level of acceptance of authority, hierarchy, inequality between citizens

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15
Q

In a group where there is a high power distance

A

Everyone has their place in the status hierarchy, and inequality is expected and justified

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16
Q

In a group where there is a low power distance

A

It is standard to seek equality and require justification for status hierarchies

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17
Q

Uncertainty avoidance is

A

The level of tolerance towards ambiguity

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18
Q

High uncertainty avoidance

A

Ambiguity is not tolerable as it dictates a future that is uncertain and, therefore threatening. Rigid codes of conduct are imposed to reduce uncertainty and ambiguity.

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19
Q

Low uncertainty avoidance

A

Ambiguity is tolerable and it dictates an uncertain and exciting future. Rigid codes of conduct are not imposed as uncertainty does not need to be avoided.

20
Q

Masculine cultures strive for

A

achievement, assertiveness, competition, financial reward for success

21
Q

Feminine cultures focus on

A

relationships, cooperation, caregiving, quality of life

22
Q

Long term orientation

A

Prefer to maintain traditions, emphasize saving for the future, frugality, and persistence in the face of failure to achieve results (e.g., China, Japan)

23
Q

Short term orientation

A

Emphasize spending rather than saving for the future, instant gratification (e.g., Nigeria, UK)

24
Q

Indulgent groups allow

A

free gratification of human desires and enjoyment of life

25
Q

Restrained groups

A

Suppress gratification and regulates it by mean of strict social norms

26
Q

What are the 6 dimensions established by Hofstede’s typology?

A

Individualism vs collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, orientation, acceptance of indulgence

27
Q

Social axioms are

A

General beliefs about the relationship between two entities

28
Q

Social cynicism (social axiom)

A

Negative view of humanity, mistrust of social institutions, engaging in unethical practices.

29
Q

Social complexity (social axiom)

A

Belief that human behaviour is complex, multifaceted, and inconsistent

30
Q

In groups where there is a high reward for application (social axiom), what is rewarded

A

Persistence, skill, and hard work

31
Q

religiosity is another social axiom that measures

A

level of belief in the existence of supernatural agents and the benefits of practicing religion

32
Q

Fate control (social axiom)

A

Fate is predetermined but people can still influence their own outcomes

33
Q

Tight cultures have…

A

strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behaviour

34
Q

Loosw cultures have…

A

Weak social norms and a high tolerance for deviant behaviour

35
Q

Verbal interaction in low context cultures is

A

direct, explicit, open and precise

36
Q

What type of information do low-context cultures use

A

Factual

37
Q

In low-context cultures the responsibility of communication lies on

A

Speakers

38
Q

Verbal interaction in High context cultures is

A

Implicit, indirect and ambiguous

39
Q

In high-context cultures communication relies on

A

Contextual cues

40
Q

In high-context cultures, the responsibility of communication lies on

A

listeners

41
Q

According to modernization theory, shifts towards economic modernization are accompanied by

A

Value shifts from collectivism to individualism

42
Q

Pathogen Prevalence theory

A

High pathogen prevalence results in collectivism as defense

43
Q

Pathogen Prevalence theory

A

High pathogen prevalence is associated with greater collectivism as a defence

44
Q

Subsistence Style Theory

A

Argues that different subsistence economies produce cultural differences in psychology

45
Q

According to Subsistence style theory, herders have

A

A more individualistic (analytic) cognitive style

46
Q

Verbal interaction in low-context cultures is

A

direct, explicit, open and precise