Motility Flashcards
________ in involved from the mouth to rectum.
Motility
This is associated with the small intestines
Absorption.
Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called A) mastication. B) peristalsis. C) defecation. D) chime.
B) peristalsis.
Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the A) esophagus. B) stomach. C) small intestine. D) large intestine.
B) stomach.
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the A) esophagus. B) stomach. C) small intestine. D) large intestine.
C) small intestine.
What organ produces bile? A) liver B) small intestine C) pancreas D) stomach
A) liver
What is considered the “little brain” intrinsic to the GI tract?
The Enteric Nervous System
What are the components of the enteric nervous system?
Sensory
Motor
& Interneurons
What is the other name for the “big brain” that superimposes the “little brain”?
Autonomic Nervous System
Secretomotor neurons in the submucosal plexus release ___ and ___ on muscularis mucosa, secretory epithelia, and enteroendocrine cells.
Acetylcholine (ACh) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
What are the tree levels of control involved in GI smooth muscle?
- Pacemaker
- Enteric NS
- Autonomic NS
T/F: The frequency of slow waves is the same for all of the gastric pacemakers.
False.
Stomach = 3/min Duodenum = 12/min
*slide 25
What is the term for a lower sphincter not fully opening?
Achalasia
When considering the mucosa of the duodenum, the size of the pyloric opening is controlled by both _____ (vagal) and _____ (myenteric) pathways.
When considering the mucosa of the duodenum, the size of the pyloric opening is controlled by both EXTRINSIC (vagal) and INTRINSIC (myenteric) pathways.
A 52 yo diabetic female patient presents with an intolerance to solid foods with nausea, feeling of fullness even after small amounts of food, and vomiting of undigested food hours after eating. She claims to be tolerated liquids well. You suspect:
A) GERD
B) Pyloric Stenosis
C) Gastroparesis
D) Crohns
C) Gastroparesis
Impaired or delayed gastric emptying
Tolerant of liquid diet; intolerant of solid diet
A 7-week yo female has been diagnosed with “Failure to Thrive.” She is malnourished despite her good appetite, likely due to her inability to keep foods down due to her projective vomiting. You decide to do an ultrasound to check for:
A) GERD
B) Pyloric Stenosis
C) Gastroparesis
D) Crohns
B) Pyloric Stenosis
Failure to relax pylorus; Malnutrition and dehydration due to projectile vomitting
What is responsible for providing pacemaker activity to the ENS, creating slow wave depolarization?
A) Visceral motor centers, centrally-located
B) Somatic motor neurons, centrally-located
C) Secretomotor neurons, peripherally-located
D) Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), peripherally-located
D)
Peripherally, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) provide pacemaker activity to ENS = slow wave depolarization or basic electrical rhythm
Centrally, visceral motor centers controlling chewing, swallowing, vomiting
In the distal stomach, amplitude of contractions increased by _______ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) and decreased by ________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) stimulation.
Amplitude of contractions increased by PARASYMPATHETIC and decreased by SYMPATHETIC stimulation.
Which statement doesnot accurately describe an aspect of swallowing?
A) first phase occurs in oral cavity and involves the tongue and hard palate
B) actions are primarily involuntary until the bolus reaches the oropharynx
C) soft palate, uvula, and pharyngeal constrictors participate in second phase
D) third phase involves involuntary control of both skeletal and smooth muscle
B) actions are primarily involuntary until the bolus reaches the oropharynx
Submucosal nerve plexus is to submucosa as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve plexus is to muscularis. A) autonomic B) myenteric C) Meissner D) celiac
B) myenteric
Histologically, the stomach mucosa comprises
A) a simple columnar epithelial lining, with numerous gastric pits
B) goblet cells that secrete a thick carpet of mucin over the surface
C) an extra, inner layer of smooth muscle called the oblique layer
D) all of the above
A) a simple columnar epithelial lining, with numerous gastric pits
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is actually composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ peritoneum and is therefore found only on organs within the peritoneal cavity. A) lesser omentum; visceral B) mesentery proper; visceral C) adventitia; parietal D) serosa; visceral
D) serosa; visceral
Portions of the GI tract outside the peritoneal cavity are surrounded by a layer of areolar connective tissue called the A) adventitia B) serosa C) mucosa externa D) tunica albuginea
A) adventitia
Which selection correctly pairs a type of gastric epithelial cell with its secretion? A) mucous neck cell, alkaline mucin B) parietal cell, pepsinogen C) enteroendocrine cell, somatostatin D) chief cell, hydrochloric acid
C) enteroendocrine cell, somatostatin
The production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa can be controlled by A) sympathetic innervation B) parasympathetic innervation C) hormones from the mucosa itself D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Which hormone, produced by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach lining, stimulates other gland cells as well as smooth muscle fibers in the stomach wall? A) gastrin B) cholecystokinin C) intrinsic factor D) secretin
A) gastrin
The digestive fluids that mix with chyme in the ____________ are secreted by ____________.
A) stomach; the liver and pancreas
B) biliary apparatus; the liver and gallbladder
C) duodenum; hepatocytes and cells of the pancreatic lobules and ducts
D) hepatopancreatic ampulla; hepatocytes and cells of the pancreatic islets
C) duodenum; hepatocytes and cells of the pancreatic lobules and ducts
In the small intestine, the plicae circulares and villi provide
A) increased surface area for the absorption of nutrient molecules
B) attachments for mesenteries suspended from the dorsal body wall
C) initiation of enterogastric reflexes that accelerate digestion
D) intestinal contractions that churn and swirl the intestinal chyme
A) increased surface area for the absorption of nutrient molecules
Dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins too large to enter the bloodstream directly can first enter the ____________ by way of ____________.
A) biliary apparatus; the common bile duct
B) lymphatic system; lacteals
C) villi; canaliculi
D) common hepatic duct; cystic duct
B) lymphatic system; lacteals
The mucosa of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is equipped with abundant, pea-sized or larger \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that help to protect it from encroaching bacteria. A) liver; hepatic sinusoids B) jejunum; lymphatic nodules C) ileum; Peyer patches D) appendix; lymph nodes
C) ileum; Peyer patches
The hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands include A) pepsinogen and gastrin B) secretin and cholecystokinin C) enterokinase and aminopeptidase D) biliverdin and bilirubin
B) secretin and cholecystokinin
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reflex stimulates powerful, peristaltic-like contractions of the teniae coli that produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, often during or just after a meal. A) gastroileal; haustral churning B) gastrocolic; mass movements C) deglutition; segmentation D) gag; retching
B) gastrocolic; mass movements
Between the skeletal and digestive systems, there are three types of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: one in osteons, one in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and one within parietal cells of the gastric glands. A) calcium compounds; hepatic lobules B) calcium compounds; spongy bone C) canaliculi; hepatic lobules D) canaliculi; spongy bone
C) canaliculi; hepatic lobules
What is the most likely cause of pernicious anemia (a chronic, progressive anemia of older adults), given that it can be successfully treated by administration of vitamin B12?
A) chronic pancreatitis or gastroenteritis
B) defective parietal cells in the gastric glands
C) hemorrhage anywhere in the GI tract submucosa
D) inadequate dietary intake of iron compounds
B) defective parietal cells in the gastric glands
Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach produce A) regulatory hormones. B) pepsinogen. C) HCl and intrinsic factor. D) mucus.
C) HCL & intrinsic factor
*Endocrine cells in the lining of the stomach produce regulatory hormones.
Which of these cells in the lining of the duodenum produce digestive enzymes? A) absorptive cells B) goblet cells C) granular cells D) endocrine cells E) lacteal cells
A) Absorptive cells in the lining of the duodenum produce digestive enzymes.
Saliva
A) secretion is increased primarily by sympathetic stimulation.
B) contains amylase, which digests cellulose.
C) contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.
D) contains pepsin, which digests protein.
E) all of these
C) contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.
In which phase of stomach secretion does the greatest amount of secretion take place? A) cephalic phase B) gastric phase C) intestinal phase D) colic phase
B) gastric phase
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by A) duodenal pH greater than 3. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) gastric inhibitory polypeptide. E) all of these
A) duodenal pH greater than 3.
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nuclease. A) stomach, liver B) stomach, small intestine C) liver, small intestine D) liver, pancreas E) small intestine, pancreas
E) small intestine, pancreas
Given these events: 1. protein-coated triacylglycerols enter lacteals 2. triacylglycerol coated with protein 3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles 4. bile salts emulsify fats 5. lipase digests fat, Arrange these events in the order in which they occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport. A) 1,2,4,5,3 B) 2,5,4,3,1 C) 3,5,4,1,2 D) 4,5,3,2,1 E) 5,3,4,1,2
D) 4,5,3,2,1
The serosa is the same as the A) visceral pleura B) parietal pleura C) visceral peritoneum D) parietal peritoneum E) visceral pericardium
C) visceral peritoneum
Initial chemical digestion of proteins occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_ by the digestive secretion \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) mouth; amylase B) mouth; lipase C) stomach; hydrochloric acid D) stomach; pepsin E) small intestine; trypsin
D) stomach; pepsin
In \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ there are alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles of the muscular layer of the digestive tract to propel substances through the hollow tract. A) mastication B) peristalsis C) deglutition D) emulsification E) defecation
B) peristalsis
Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by... A) food in the stomach. B) chyme in the duodenum. C) feces in the rectum. D) A and B E) A, B, and C
D) A and B
Mass movements of the colon are integrated by... A) the enteric plexus. B) parasympathetic reflexes. C) local reflexes. D) A and B E) B and C
A) the enteric plexus.
Defecation is stimulated by... A) the enteric plexus. B) parasympathetic reflexes. C) local reflexes. D) A and B E) B and C
E) B and C
Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.
A) True
B) False
A) True
Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.
A) True
B) False
A) True
