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ANSC 311 > Motility > Flashcards

Motility Flashcards

1
Q

How do horses teeth grow, how do they chew?
How can this cause problems

A

They grow continually
They chew laterally
This can cause sharp and uneven teeth which can make it painful to chew their food

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2
Q

What are 4 indicators to float teeth (horses)

A
  1. Dropping feed
  2. Losing weight
  3. Head tossing
  4. Balls of chewed hay (coughed out)
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3
Q

What are the two steps involved in swallowing

A
  1. Oropharyngeal phase
  2. Oesophageal phase
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4
Q

Describe the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • bolus pushed back by tongue acting on pressure receptors
  • tongue stops return to mouth
  • uvula blocks nose
  • glottis and epiglottis blocks access to lungs
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5
Q

What structure is pushed back by the tongue when swallowing (what phase is this a part of)

A

The bolus
The oropharyngeal phase

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6
Q

What stops food from returning to the mouth when swallowing (what phase is structure a part of)

A

The tongue

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7
Q

What structure blocks the nose when swallowing (what phase is this structure a part of)

A

The uvula
The oropharyngeal phase

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8
Q

What structures block the lungs when swallowing (what phase is this a part of)

A

Glottis and epiglottis
Oropharyngeal phase

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9
Q

What coordinates and inhibits the respiratory center (what phase of swallowing is this a part of)

A

A swallowing center that is found in the medulla
Oropharyngeal phase

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10
Q

What connects the esophagus to the oral cavity (what phase is this a part of)

A

The pharynogesophageal sphincter opens
Oropharyngeal phase

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11
Q

What are parts of the oesophageal phase (3)

A
  1. Peristaltic wave
  2. Skeletal muscle (involuntary(
  3. Oesophagogastric/cardiac sphincter opens
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12
Q

What kind of contraction happens with the peristaltic wave (when swallowing)

A

It is involuntary contraction and it is directional

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13
Q

What does peristalsis mean
What does it do

A

It means motility
Or rapid purpulsion
- are waves of contraction

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14
Q

What programs the peristaltic reflex
Is this regulated by the brain

A

It is regulated by the enteric nervous system
No it is not regulated by the brain the only thing that regulated this reflex is the enteric nervous system

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15
Q

What muscles contract during peristalsis? In what order

A

Relaxation of longitudinal muscle and contraction of circular muscle
Then
Contraction of longitudinal muscle and relaxation of circular muscle

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16
Q

What is the purpose of receptive relaxation

A

It creates room for food that is entering the system

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17
Q

What induces receptive relaxation (chemicals)

A
  • nitric oxide
  • VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
  • ACh (acetylcholine)
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18
Q

What is the name of the mixing vat in gastric motility
What substances are found in it??

A

The corpus
- saliva
- food
- gastric secretions

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19
Q

What part of the stomach discriminate the size of food (what does this mean)

A

The pyloric sphincter (it does not allow food of large sizes into the stomach)

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20
Q

What happens in the antrum for gastric motility
What is this controlled by

A
  • propulsion of food through the pyloric sphincter to the duodenum (discriminates size)

It is controlled by distension and parasympathetic (PNS)

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21
Q

What connects the GI tract to the brain

A

The vagus nerve

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22
Q

What is involved in filling for gastric motility

A
  • progressive relaxation
  • vagus nerve connects GI tract to the brain
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23
Q

What does peristalsis act against
What substances are stirred into food during peristalsis
What is this important for???

A

The closed pyloric sphincter
HCl and pepsin
Important for protein digestion and lipid droplet formation

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24
Q

What is involved in gastric emptying

What regulates it

A

-peristalsis
- pyloric sphincter opens
- chyme enters duodenum

Regulation
- force of contraction
- signals from the duodenum

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25
Q

What is another (special) word for digesta

A

Chyme

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26
Q

What is the rate of emptying dependent on??

A

The physical and chemical state of the GI tract

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27
Q

What decreases physic contractions
What increases contractions

A
  • vagotomy decreases physic contractions
  • stimulation of the vagal nerve increases contractions
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28
Q

What factors increase gastric emptying

A

Neural control
- distension of the gastric wall
- increased parasympathetic
—) endocrine control (gastric)

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29
Q

What hormone is used for endocrine control of gastric emptying
What does substance does this hormone control

A

Gastrin (which controls HCl secretion)

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30
Q

What factors decrease gastric emptying

A

Neural control
- chemoreceptors
- osmoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors at the duodenum

Increased sympathetic
- endocrine control (CCK, Gastric inhibitory peptide and secretin)

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31
Q

What substances/hormones are involved in decreasing gastric emptying

A

CCK, Gastric inhibitory peptide, and secretin

32
Q

What is the most common form of motility

A

Segmentation (alternating contractions of circular muscle)

33
Q

How does the frequency of segmentation decrease

A

It decreases distally

34
Q

What parts of the GI tract are involved in segmentation
How many contractions per minute does each section have

A
  • duodenum (12/min)
  • Ileum (9/min)
  • colon (2/h)
35
Q

Is segmentation motility only in one direction

A

No, segmentation motility is about mixing so there are alternating contractions

36
Q

What do we call the segmentation movement that occurs in the colon

A

Haustration
There is also clearing that happens in the colon

37
Q

What acts as the stimulus in motility regulation
—) what happens after stimulus activation

A

Chyme receptors distends the duodenum (they swell)
Nerves sense stretching within the gut
Effector (smooth muscle
Vigorous segmentation is induced in the duodenum to help to remove the stimulus

38
Q

What secretion in the stomach helps to drop pH and communicates all the way to the end of our gut

A

Gastrin

39
Q

What happens in the stomach in response to gastrin in the stomach
(What parts does this affect)

A

Duodenum and the Ileum
- gastro-ileal reflex
- gastro-colic reflex

40
Q

What happens in the gastro-iléal reflex

A
  • stimulates segmentation
  • inhibits ileo-caecal sphincter (opens)/stops contraction
41
Q

What happens in the gastro-colic reflex

A

Mass movements in the colon
—) induces deification
This makes more room for additions of food

42
Q

Describe tonic contraction (what structure does this happen in)

A

It is constant contraction of the muscle until a stimulus tells it to relax
This happens in all of our sphincters

43
Q

Give 3 examples of sphincters that use tonic contraction

A
  • esophageal sphincter
  • pyloric sphincter
  • ileocecal sphincter
44
Q

What could happen if substances do not leave the small intestine

A

Bacterial overgrowth could occur

45
Q

What do the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) do

A

They create constant electrical impulses (depolarization and repolarization)
—) they are not automatically causing contraction
They need a stimulus that makes the action potential to cross the threshold to cause contraction
(Sets the frequency)

46
Q

What are the stimulants for the activation of the Interstitial cells of cajal
What make it harder (inhibits) activation of the interstitial cells of cajal
Which one is sympathetic and which one is parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine ACh (stimulant) parasympathetic
Norepinephrine (inhibitor or depressant) sympathetic

47
Q

In a fed state what is the main form of motility
What does this do
What regulates it

A

Segmentation
Mixes luminal content
Regulated by the ENS

48
Q

What is the complex called when an animal is in a fasting state
What activity is occurring
What are the three phases

A
  • MMC migrating myoelectric complex
  • parastaltic activity
    1. Quiescent period
    2. Intermittent contraction
    3. Powerful propulsion sweeps intestinal contents out of
49
Q

What are two ways that fasting state activities are stimulated

A
  • motillin (stimulates the stomach and the duodenum
  • intrinsic nerves stimulate distal duodenum and Jejunum
50
Q

What is the motility rate like in the large intestine compared to the small intestine (why)

A

The large intestine is slower than the small intestine since because things are slow for microbial digestion
—) motility and motility rate changes

51
Q

What are the two main functions of digestion of food in the large intestine??

A
  1. Microbial digestion and absorption (of their products)
  2. Réabsorption of water and electrolytes
52
Q

What kind of movement are there in the large intestine

A
  • haustral contractions (mixing)
  • peristaltic contractions
  • antiperistaltic movement
  • a oral mass movement (evacuate entire length of colon)
  • defecation: voluntary inhibition in trained animals and humans
53
Q

What do haustral contractions do, where do they occur

A

They occur in the large intestine
They mix food (substances)

54
Q

What kind of contraction fills the cecum (what part of the GI tract is this in)

A

Antiparistaltic movement
It is in the large intestine

55
Q

What kind of movement evacuates the entire length of the colon

A

The aboral mass movement

56
Q

True or False: all animals have voluntary control of defecation

A

False: only humans and trained animals have voluntary control of defecation

57
Q

Is the iléal cecal junction open or closed during an antiparastaltic contraction

A

It is closed that way food can travel back up and enter into the cecum

58
Q

What in the GI tract can cause altered motility of increases gastric emptying and MMC is reduced with migrating action potential complex???

What does this do?

A

Parasites in the stomach
Eg: worms
It makes things move faster

59
Q

When the stomach increases emptying due to parasites or worms, what does it replace MMC with?

A

MAPC, or migrating action potential complex

60
Q

What is one of the most common ways that cause us to vomit

A

Mucosal irritation

61
Q

What direction do afférent nerves go
What direction do efferent nerves go

A

Afférent: attract (go towards the brain away from the spinal cord)
Efferent: escape (go away from the brain and to the spinal cord)

62
Q

What 2 structures close when we vomit, why?

A
  • the soft palet
  • the glottis
    Prevents vomit from going up our nose and into our lungs
63
Q

What structure relaxes when we vomit what structures contract

A

The LES or the lower esophageal sphincter

The diaphragm and the abdominal muscles contract + antiperistaltic contraction

64
Q

What structure relaxes when we vomit what structures contract

A

The LES or the lower esophageal sphincter

The diaphragm and the abdominal muscles contract + antiperistaltic contraction

65
Q

What are the concerns when it comes to vomiting

A
  1. It can cause significant water and electrolyte balance
  2. It can affect our acid base balance
66
Q

What muscle is found between the longitudinal muscle and the circular muscle in the GI tract

A

The myenteric plexus (nervous system)

67
Q

What nervous system has just as many neurons as in our spinal cord
How long are its interneurons

A

Myenteric plexus (nervous system)
They are really long

68
Q

For the myenteric and submucosa plexus describe…
What systems affect them (SNS, PNS)
Their interneurons
Amount of neurons
What are they

A

Myenteric: long interneurons, lots of neurons, affected by both SNS and PNS

Submucosal: minor interneurons, only PNS, less neurons than myenteric plexus

They are groups of neurons

69
Q

What kind of receptors can “input” or activate the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus

A
  1. Afférent and efferent neurons
  2. Mechanoreceptors (wall) and chemoreceptors (lumen)
70
Q

What are two ways that gut motility can be controlled or respond (main centers or types)

A
  1. By direct information from the brain
  2. From information that comes from the gut
71
Q

What is the main way that our GI tract is innervated

A

By the autonomic system (sympathetic and parasympathetic systems)

72
Q

Give an example of an exocrine secretion and an endocrine secretion

A

Exocrine: enzymes
Endocrine: hormones

73
Q

What system inhibits digestion what system promotes digestion
What is secreted in each

A

Sympathetic inhibits digestion: norepinephrine

Parasympathetic promotes digestion: ACh

74
Q

What systems can the short reflex interaction with, what about the long reflex

A

Long reflex: both SNS and PNS

Short reflex: enteric nervous system (does not include CNS)

75
Q

What is Iléus
When is it common

A

It is a form of impaired motility
Common post surgery
Blockage can occur

ANSC 311 (7 decks)

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