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ANSC 311 > Liver And Bile > Flashcards

Liver And Bile Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call scarring of the liver

A

Cirrhosis

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2
Q

Can you live without your liver

A

No

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3
Q

What percentage of out cardiac output goes into the liver

A

25%

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4
Q

What are the main functions of the liver (4)

A
  1. Detoxification and metabolism
  2. Storage (glucose and fat)
  3. Endocrine (IGF-1) which causes cells to grow
  4. Exocrine
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5
Q

What organ is IGF-1 associated with, what does it do

A

It is associated with the liver
It causes cells to grow

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6
Q

How is the liver associated with metabolism and detoxification

A

1.absorbed nutreints reaches the liver first before delivery to peripheral tissues (except fat)
2. Peripheral tissues do not see what is absorbed from the GI tract
Examples: blood glucose, ammonia detoxification, VLDL, billirubin

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7
Q

What are the three functions of the liver

A
  1. Process nutrients
  2. Synthetic function
  3. Protection
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8
Q

Define each
- glycogenesis
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis

A

Glycogenesis: making of glycogen

Glucogneogenisis: making of new glucose

Glycogenolysis: breaking down of glycogen

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9
Q

What does the liver do reguarding glucose and glycogen when we are in a fasting state

A

Gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis

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10
Q

What does the liver do with amino acids

A

It turns them into proteins and pre-hormones

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11
Q

What is the liver involved in, in terms of processing things

A
  1. Deals with triglycerides
  2. Converts amino acids into proteins and pre-hormones
  3. Stores vitamins
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12
Q

How is glucose different from amylopectin, how is it similar

A

Differences: more branched and available to enzymes

Similarities: branched chain

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13
Q

What are the three precursors for gluconeogenesis
What else can be used to create glucose

A
  • propinoate
  • lactate
  • amino acids into proteins
    The liver can also do glycogenolysis
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14
Q

How does the liver use its stored glucose
What kind of animal is this for

A

It uses its stored glucose for…
1. Glycogen synthesis
2. Fatty acids synthesis

Non-ruminants only

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15
Q

How is the liver associated with fat metabolism

A
  • fatty acids are synthesized in the liver (non-ruminants)
  • fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissue (which are processed in the liver)
  • ketone bodies are produced in the liver
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16
Q

How do we carry lipids around the body (what do we use)

A

VLDL

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17
Q

What are two ways that fat gets transferred around the body

A
  1. Through cylomicrons
  2. by the liver with VLDL
18
Q

What is in VLDL, how are they similar to chylomicrons

A

It contains, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoproteins

They contain similar sunstances as chylomicrons (chylomicrons just don’t have apoproteins)

19
Q

How is the livers metabolism of protein important in detoxification
(What is the example that was discussed in class)

A

It gets rid of proteins and makes sure that we don’t have to many specific amino acids (detoxifying) pro

Eg: phenylketonuria (PKU)

20
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU), what is it caused by

Is it genetic

A

Too much Phenylalanine = toxic to the brain

Caused by a lack of enzyme that converts phe to tyr

—) can result in brain damage

Yes it is a genetic thing

21
Q

Can people live with PKU

A

Yes they just have to eat a very specific diet

22
Q

What does the liver do with ammonia

A

It takes ammonia and converts it into urea

23
Q

What does the liver do in reguards to amino acids (what kind does it make)
Give examples

A

Makes essential amino acids
Tyr from phe
Cys form met
Glu from Gln

Can also use the CAC (TCA) cycle

24
Q

What does the liver synthesize

A
  1. Albumin (70% of protein in blood)
  2. Clotting factors
  3. Transport proteins
  4. Immunologic proteins (flags bacteria (compliments) opsinization) & cytokines and acute faced proteins
  5. Bile salts
25
Q

Why do you get bloated if you have a less functional liver

A

It doesn’t produce enough albumin to keep water in your blood stream

26
Q

What are all of the ways that the liver is involved in protein metabolism

A
  1. Produces albumin
  2. Transports FFA’s (NEFA’s) and some drugs & hormones
  3. Balances colloid osmotic pressure (edema)
  4. Fibrinogen, prothrombin, and blood clotting
  5. Transferring (iron transport)
27
Q

How is the liver involved in protection

A
  1. Prevent bacteremia with kuppfer cells (giant macrophages)
  2. Breakdown toxins and hormones
  3. Prevents hormone toxicity (breaks down estrogen) prevents estrogenic effects in males
28
Q

What do you call the drugs and things that are foreign to the body

A

Xenobiotics

29
Q

What is the goal of the liver with xenobiotics

A

To make them hydrophilic so the kidney can get rid of them
And to prevent reabsorption

30
Q

Why would we purposely inhibit the liver from changing xenobiotics

A

If we are using antibiotics we want them to stay in the body so that they can do their job

31
Q

What substances can not be cleared by the kidneys
What are these usually
How are they excreted

Give and endogenous and an exogenous example of these compounds

A

Ones that are bound to proteins
Lipid soluble substances
Excreted in bile by the liver

Endogenous: bilirubin
Exogenous: antibiotics

32
Q

What happens when the liver is damaged
What do we call scar tissue in the liver

A
  • Stellate cells produce fibrous scar tissue to wall off damaged areas
  • a lot of fibrous scarring = sclerosis or cirrhosis
33
Q

What is often associated with a poorly functioning liver
What causes this
What do you call liver cells

A

Jaundice
Bilirubin is no being secreted
Hypatocytes

34
Q

What are the three causes of not secreting bilirubin (jaundice)

A
  • haemolytic (lysis of RBC’s) —) liver is still healthy
  • hepatic (liver is damaged)
  • post hepatic (after liver) Eg: blocked bile duct
35
Q

Are all hypatocytes the same, explain

A

No they differ
Some need more oxygen which are located closer to the peri portal which is closer to the artery
Some do not need as much oxygen which are located closer to the peri venous

36
Q

Describe splanchnic circulation

A

The first place that everything goes to is the liver through a portal vein
The liver also has an artery to deliver oxygen to it

37
Q

What is in the hepatic triad

A
  1. Hepatic artery
  2. Portal vein
  3. Bile duct (transports bile out of the liver) through bile calliculi
38
Q

What are canaliculi

A
  • canals that join bile ducts
  • they have sinusoids where blood flows
39
Q

What is the space of dis

What is another name for it

A

It is ja space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes where things can flow through and interact with hepatocytes

It is also called the peri sinusoidal space

40
Q

Describe sinusoids and what are found in them

A

They wave back and forth —) are not straight lines
They have kupffer cells which catch bacteria, RBC’s and immune compromised cells

ANSC 311 (7 decks)

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