Most Common or Important Association of a Disease Finding Flashcards
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (increase intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
H. pylori
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
S. pneumoniae
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns),
S. pneumoniae/N. meningitidis (kids/teens)
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (nonbacterial)
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball and valve”)
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari II malformation
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylasedeficiency
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > circumflex
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
Cushing syndrome
ƒ Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy)
ƒ Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ƒ ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
ƒ Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
Death in CML
Blast crisis
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
Dietary deficit
Iron
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
Helminth infection (U.S.)
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
Hematoma—epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Hematoma—subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis
HLA-DR3
Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad ( risk of thrombosis)
Hypertension, 2°
Renal disease
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase (+))
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
Kidney stones
ƒ Calcium = radiopaque
ƒ Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease
(+) organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and
S. saprophyticus)
ƒ Uric acid = radiolucent
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI
Metastases to liver
Colon»_space; stomach, pancreas
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram-negative rods
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ~ 65, CML: adult 45–85
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (BCR-ABL)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
1° liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
S3 heart sound
ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
Sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (usually coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae)
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery
> carotid artery
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive)
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)