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BOTANY > Morphology of Plants > Flashcards

Morphology of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Root System?

A

The main branches and its lateral branches form the root system.

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2
Q

Roots are

A

Positively Geotropic & Negatively Phototropic.

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3
Q

Tap Root system is present in

A

Dicots.

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4
Q

Fibrous root system is present in,

A

Monocots.

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5
Q

Adventitious root system:

A

these develop from any parts of plant except radicle, e.g. Grass, Monstera, Banyan Tree.

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6
Q

Functions of root:

A

1) Absorption of water and minerals.
2) Provide anchorage to plant parts.
3) Storage of reserve food material.
4) Synthesis of plant growth regulators.

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7
Q

Regions of the Root?

A

i) Root Cap
ii) Region of meristematic activity
iii) Region of elongation
iv) Region of maturation.

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8
Q

Root Cap:

A

The apex of the root is covered by thimble like str. cld Root Cap, Multicellular. Formed of Parenchymatous Cells, Protects the tender apex.

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9
Q

Region of meristematic activity :?

A

Few mms above root cap, Cells are thin-walled, small, dense cytoplasm, Divide repeatedly to form new cells.

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10
Q

Region of elongation ?

A

proximal to meristematic region, undergo rapid elongation and enlargement & are responsible for growth of roots in length.

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11
Q

Region of maturation. ?

A

Cell Elongation zone gradually differentiates and mature. This is proximal to region of elongation.

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12
Q

Root Hair?

A

some epidermal cells from the region of maturation form very fine and delicate thread like structures called root hair.

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13
Q

Function of Root Hair?

A

Increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

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14
Q

Storage Roots

A

Primary tap root is modified to store food and assumes various shapes.

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15
Q

Examples of Storage Roots

A

Tap root of Carrot, turnip, radish, beet and adventitious roots of sweet potato get swollen and store food.

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16
Q

Respiratory Roots

A

in swampy areas many roots come out of the ground vertically upwards to get oxygen for respiration. Called Pneumatophores.

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17
Q

Pneumatophores present in:

A

Rhizophora, Maangrove

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18
Q

Prop roots:

A

arise from branches of stem for providing mechanical support to heavy branches, e.g. Banyan Tree.

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19
Q

Banyan Tree scientific name

A

Ficus benghalensis

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20
Q

Stilt roots: ?

A

arise from lower nodes of stem to support main axis and enter soil obliquely, e.g. Sugarcane, Maize.

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21
Q

What gives rise to the stem?

A

The plumule of the embryo present in the germinating seed gives rise to the stem.

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22
Q

The region bearing leaves, present at regular intervals on the stem and its branches are called

A

Nodes

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23
Q

Part of stem present bw two nodes:

A

Internode.

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24
Q

A bud:

A

Young, Immature, under developed, compact shoot.

i) Terminal Bud
ii) Axillary Bud

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25
Q

Terminal Bud?

A

Present at the tip of the stem. aka apical bud.

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26
Q

Axillary bud?

A

The angle made bw the leaves and the upper part of the stem is called AXIL. The bud present at the AXIL, is called Axillary Bud.

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27
Q

Functions Of stem:

A

i) Bears and supports leaves, flowers and fruits.
ii) Conducts water and minerals salts from roots to leaves and fruits.
iii) Transport of Food.

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28
Q

Types of Underground stem:

A

i) Rhizome
ii) Tuber
iii) Corm
iv) Bulb

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29
Q

Modifications of stem:

A
  1. Underground Stem
    i) Rhizome
    ii) Tuber
    iii) Corm
    iv) Bulb
  2. Stem Tendrils
  3. Thorn
  4. Sub-Aerial Weak Stem
    i) Offsets
    ii) Suckers
    iii) Runners
    iv) Stolons
  5. Aerial Stem
  6. Cladode
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30
Q

Rhizome?

A

Grows parallel or horizontal to soil surface. Bears nodes, internodes, buds and scaly leaves. E.G. GINGER, BANANA, TURMERIC, FERNS.

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31
Q

Tuber?

A

Terminal portion of underground stem branch, swollen w food. e.g. Potato, Helianthus tuberosus ( jerusalem artichoke)

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32
Q

Corm?

A

grows vertically beneath the soil surface, usually unbranched, bears nodes, internodes, buds and scale leaves, e.g. Colocasia, Gladiolus, Colchicum, Crocus, Amorphophallus (Zaminkand)

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33
Q

Bulb? (underground stem)

A

stem is reduced and disc shaped, the bud is surrounded by many concentric scale leaves. leaf bases of inner ones are fleshy and edible, and of outer ones are dry. E.G. Onion, Lily, Garlic.

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34
Q

Stem tendrils?

A

Axillary buds modify to form tendrils. Long, thin, thread like spirally coiled, sensitive strcs, GRAPE VINE, GOURDS ( pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber)

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35
Q

THORNS?

A

Axillary buds lose their ability to grow and form hard, woody, and pointed structures called thorns. Protective function, e.g. Citrus & Bougainvillea

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36
Q

Offset? (sub aerial weak stem)

A

lateral branch which bear short internodes, the distance bw two nodes decreases and each node bears a rosette of leaves above and a cluster (tuft) of roots below, E.G. Pistia and Eichhornia

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37
Q

Suckers (sub aerial weak stem)

A

The lateral branches originate from the basal & underground portion of the main stem. they grow below the surface of the soil to some distance and then emerges out obliquely to form aerial root. e.g. Banana, Pineapple, Chrysanthemum

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38
Q

Runners (sub aerial weak stem)

A

elongated, prostrate branch with long internodes and roots at nodes, e.g. grasses, Oxalis etc.

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39
Q

Stolons (sub aerial weak stem)

A

slender lateral branch arises from the base of the main axis and after growing aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground. JASMINE & MINT.

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40
Q

Aerial Stem

A

Stem modified into flattened (Opuntia) or fleshy cylindrical structures (Euphorbia) called Phylloclade. Photosynthetic.

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41
Q

Cladode?

A

Stem modified into a leaf like str. for photosynthesis, while leaves reduced to scales or spines e.g. Asparagus, Ruscus

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42
Q

Most important vegetative organ for photosynthesis

A

Leaves

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43
Q

What are the part of leaves

A

Leaf Base
Petiole
Lamina or Leaf Blade

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44
Q

Leaf base may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called

A

Stipules

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45
Q

In _______ leaf base expands to form a sheath covering the stem wholly or partially.

A

Monocots

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46
Q

In some leguminous plants, the leaf base swells and is called

A

Pulvinus

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47
Q

Petiole enables leaves to flutter in the wind which allows

A

produces a cooling effect in the leaves by bringing fresh air to the leaf surface

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48
Q

The prominent vein present in the middle of the leaf blade?

A

Midrib

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49
Q

Functions of veins on the lamina?

A

Provide rigidity & strength to the leaf blade, act as a channel to transport water, minerals & food.

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50
Q

Reticulate Venation

A

veinlets form a network; generally in dicots, e.g. Peepal, hibiscus, Luffa etc

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51
Q

Parallel venation

A

generally in monocots, e.g. banana

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52
Q

Types of leaves?

A

Simple Leaf

Compound Leaf - Pinnately Compound leaf & Palmately compounded leaf.

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53
Q

What are simple leaves?

A

in which the leaf blade is not divided or when incised, the incision do not touch the midrib. It has bud at the axil of the petiole.

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54
Q

What are compound leaves?

A

in which the leaf blade is completely broken into different leaflets. incisions reach the midrib. contains a bud at the axil of the petiole but is absent in the axil of leaflets.

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55
Q

Pinnately Compound leaf?

A

midrib forms a common axis called rachis, a number of leaflets are present on rachis, e.g. Neem.

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56
Q

Palmately Compound leaf?

A

leaflets are attached to a common point, at the tip of the petiole, the tip of the petiole bears all the leaflets in a bunch or cluster, e.g. silk cotton.

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57
Q

Phyllotaxy? `

A

The pattern in which the leaves are arranged on the stem or its branches.

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58
Q

Types of Phyllotaxy?

A

Alternate phyllotaxy; Opposite phyllotaxy; Whorled phyllotaxy.

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59
Q

Alternate phyllotaxy?

A

single leaf is present at each node in an alternate fashion. e.g. China rose (shoe flower), mustard, sunflower

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60
Q

Opposite phyllotaxy?

A

a pair of leaves arise at each node on opposite side, leaves lie opposite each other, e.g. Guava, Calotropis

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61
Q

Whorled phyllotaxy. ?

A

more than 2 leaves arise at each node and form a whorl, e.g. Alstonia, Nerium

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62
Q

Leaves are modified into :

A
  1. Leaf tendrils
  2. Leaf spines
  3. Storage organ
  4. Phyllodes
  5. pitcher like
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63
Q

Leaf tendrils?

A

long, slender, thread like, sensitive structures called tendrils, sensitive to touch. coil around a support & help climbing. provide support. e.g. Pea, sweet pea

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64
Q

Leaf spines?

A

leaves modify into small, sharp pointed, structures which reduce transpiration & protect plants from animals; e.g. Aloe, Cactus

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65
Q

leaves as storage organ?

A

fleshy leaves store food, e.g. onion, garlic

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66
Q

leaves into phyllodes?

A

the petioles modify to form flat, green coloured leaf like structure which performs photosynthesis. as leaves are short lived. e.g. Australian Acacia

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67
Q

Leaves into pitchers?

A

plants obtain nutrients by digesting insects trapped in the pitcher, e.g. pitcher plant, venus-fly trap.

68
Q

What is Inflorescence?

A

The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of the plant.

69
Q

The flower is considered to be

A

modified shoot

70
Q

Types of Inflorescence?

A

Racemose & Cymose

71
Q

What is Racemose Infl.?

A

The shoot axis grows indefinitely & the flowers are borne in an acropetal succession i.e. younger at apex, older towards base, E.G. Radish, lupin, mustard.

72
Q

What is Cymose Infl.?

A

Main axis terminates into a flower; has limited growth. Basipetal Order. e.g. Begonia, Teak, Bougainvillea, Dianthus, Solanum.

73
Q

What is Thalamus?

A

It is the swollen end of the pedicel or the stalk.

74
Q

The 4 whorls present in a flower are?

A

Calyx (Sepals) , Corolla (Petals) , Androecium (Stamen) , Gynoecium (Carpel) .

75
Q

Perianth?

A

when the calyx and corolla are not distinct. its members are called Tepals.

76
Q

Bisexual Flower examples?`

A

Pea, Hibiscus

77
Q

Unisexual flower examples?

A

Maize

78
Q

Bracteate flower?

A

flowers with bracts ( reduced leaf found at base of the pedicel)

79
Q

Ebracteate flower>?

A

flower without bracts.

80
Q

Symmetry of a flower, types?`

A
  1. Actinomorphic flower - radial symmetry
  2. Zygomorphic flower - bilateral symmetry
  3. Asymmetric Flower - Irregular
81
Q

Actinomorphic flower - radial symmetry

A

Mustard, Datura, Chilli

82
Q

Zygomorphic flower - bilateral symmetry

A

Pea, Gulmohar, Bean, Cassia

83
Q

Asymmetric Flower - Irregular

A

Canna

84
Q

What are hypogynous flowers?

A

Ovary occupies the highest position, while other parts are situated below it. Superior Ovary, e.g. mustard, china rose, brinjal, Petunia.

85
Q

What are perigynous flowers?

A

If gynoecium is situated at the centre and other parts are located at the rim almost at same level as ovary. Half-Inferior Ovary, e.g. plum, rose, peach.

86
Q

What are Epigynous flowers?

A

Margin of thalamus grows upward, enclosing the ovary completely & getting fused with it. other parts of flower arise above ovary. Inferior Ovary. e.g. Guava, Cucumber, bittergourd, the ray floret of sunflower.

87
Q

The outermost whorl of a flower?

A

Calyx. Members are called Sepals.

88
Q

Calyx may be:

A

Gamosepalous (sepals united) or Polysepalous (Sepals free)

89
Q

2nd whorl of the flower?

A

Corolla, individual leaf segment is called Petal.

90
Q

Some shapes of corolla that exist in nature?

A

Tubular, Bell-Shaped, funnel-shaped, wheel-shaped. etc

91
Q

Corolla may be;

A

Polypetalous (free) & gamopetalous (united)

92
Q

What is Aestivation?

A

The mode of arrangement of sepals and petals in a floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.

93
Q

Types of Aestivation?

A
  1. Valvate
  2. Twisted
  3. Imbricate
  4. Vexillary.
94
Q

what is Valvate aest.?

A

the margin of sepals or petals, present in a whorl just touch each other, no overlapping

95
Q

what is Twisted aest?

A

margin of one petal or sepal overlaps the margin of the adjacent petal or sepal or so on.

96
Q

what is Imbricate aest.?

A

margins of petals or sepals overlap each other but not in specific direction

97
Q

Examples of Imbricate Aest. ?

A

Cassia, Gulmohar

98
Q

Examples of Vexillary Aest.?

A

Pea, Bean flower

99
Q

Androecium is composed of

A

Stamens. A stamen of a filament & anther.

Anthers are usually bilobed.

100
Q

Each lobe of anther contains

A

two microsporangia or pollen sacs,

101
Q

A sterile stamen is called as

A

Staminode

102
Q

When a stamen is attached to the petal then it is called

A

Epipetalous

103
Q

examples of Epipetalous

A

brinjal

104
Q

when the stamen is attached to the perianth it is called

A

Epiphyllous, e.g. Lily

105
Q

when the stamens are free they are called

A

Polyandrous

106
Q

When the stamens are united in a single bundle, then it is called:

A

Monoadelphous e.g. China rose

107
Q

Stamens united in 2 bundles:

A

Diadelphous e.g. pea

108
Q

Stamens united in more than 2 bundles

A

Polyadelphous e.g. Citrus

109
Q

Gynoecium is composed of:

A

one or many carpels; free or fused.

110
Q

When carpels are free in gynoecium:

A

Apocarpous e.g. Lotus & Rose

111
Q

When carpels are fused in gynoecium:

A

Syncarpous e.g. Mustard & Tomato

112
Q

Parts of Carpel:

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Style
  3. Stigma
113
Q

After fertilisation ovules develop into ______ and ovary mature to _______

A

seeds; fruit

114
Q

Basal, swollen part of the carpel?

A

Ovary

115
Q

Ovary bears one or more ___

A

ovules; ovules are attached to a flattened cushion like structure called Placenta.

116
Q

The ovary has one or more chambers or ______

A

loculi;
1 chamber - Unilocular
2 chamber - Bilocular
3 chamber - Trilocular

117
Q

The wall of the ovary after fertilisation forms the

A

Pericarp. (Fruit Wall)

118
Q

the tube like structure which connects the stigma to the ovary is called

A

Style; it lies above ovary in a carpel.

119
Q

generally situated at the tip of the style

A

stigma; acts as a receptive organ for pollen grains during pollination

120
Q

An ovary may have 1 or more placenta

A

true

121
Q

the arrangement of ovules on placenta within the ovary is k/as

A

Placentation

122
Q

Types of Placentation:

A
  1. Marginal
  2. Axile
  3. Parietal
  4. Free Central
  5. Basal
123
Q

what is Marginal placentation?

A

the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary. the ovules are borne in 2 alternate rows along the ridge

124
Q

examples of Marginal placentation?

A

Pea plant

125
Q

what is Axile placentation?

A

the placenta is present in the axial position & the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary.

126
Q

Examples of Axile Placentaton:

A

China rose; Tomato; lemon

127
Q

what is Parietal placentation?

A

unilocular ovary but becomes two chambered due to formation of false septum. the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on the peripheral part.

128
Q

example of Parietal placentation?

A

Mustard; Argemone

129
Q

what is Free Central placentation?

A

the ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent in ovary.

130
Q

example of Free Central placentation?

A

Primrose, Dianthus

131
Q

what is Basal placentation?

A

placenta develops at base of ovary; single ovule attached to placenta.

132
Q

example of Basal placentation?

A

Sunflower, Marigold

133
Q

some fruits which are formed without fertilisation are called

A

Parthenocarpic fruits. e.g. Banana

134
Q

Parts of a fruit:

A

Fruit wall/ pericarp and SEED

135
Q

3 different layers of the Pericarp (if fleshy) :

A

Epicarp - Outer cover
Mesocarp - Middle layer
Endocarp - innermost layer

136
Q

Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless

A

banana, grapes

137
Q

The fruit which develops from ovary are called

A

True fruit

138
Q

If any floral part takes part in fruit formation it is called

A

False Fruit e.g. Apple, Pear

139
Q

simple fruit develops from the

A

syncarpous ovary of single flower w/ or w/o accessory parts.

140
Q

aggregate fruits are formed from

A

polycarpellary, apocarpous ovary. each carpel develops into a fruitlet and all fruitlets together form aggregate fruit

141
Q

the multiple fruit/composite fruit develops from

A

the entire inflorescence

142
Q

example of simple dry dehiscent fruit

A

legume or pod (pea) , siliqua or silicula (Brassicaceae) ; Capsule (Datura)

143
Q

example of simple dry indehiscent fruit

A

Cypsela (sunflower) ; Caryopsis (Wheat, Maize, Rice) ; Achene (Mirabilis) ; Nut (Litchi)

144
Q

example of simple succulent or fleshy fruit

A 
Drupe - mango, coconut
Berry - Tomato, Guava, Grapes
Pepo - Cucumber 
Pome - Apple, Pear 
hesperidium - orange and all citrus fruits 
balausta - Pomegranate
145
Q

example of Aggregate fruits

A

strawberry, raspberry

146
Q

example of composite fruits

A

Jackfruit, Mulberry, Pineapple, Ficus (fig)

147
Q

dry dehiscent fruit

A

these fruit burst automatically and discharge their seeds

148
Q

dry indehiscent fruit

A

they do not burst or split; seeds liberated only by decomposition or destruction of pericarp

149
Q

what are drupes?

A

mostly one seeded fruits w/ pericarp differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp & hard and stony Endocarp

150
Q

Mangifera indica - Mango [drupe]

A

Epicarp forms skin
mesocarp fleshy, juicy & edible
endocarp is hard & stony

151
Q

Cocos nucifera

A

coconut

mesocarp is fibrous which is used in making coir so called as fibrous drupe

152
Q

walnut

A

Juglans regia

153
Q

Composition of a seed

A

Seed coat & an embryo. Embryo is made up of an embryonal axis & one/two cotyledons.

154
Q

The outer protective covering of the seed

A

Seed coat - 2 layers
Outer Testa
&
Inner tegmen

155
Q

What is hilum?

A

The hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit

156
Q

Micropyle?

A

Above the helium is a small pore called micropyle.

157
Q

Most important part of the seed

A

Embryo

158
Q

The two ends of the Embryonal axis are present ——— & ———-

A

Radicle & Plumule

159
Q

Endosperm is the result of —— — - - —— - -

A

Double Fertilization

160
Q

Plants in which endosperm is not present in mature seed are called are

A

Non-Endospermous e.g. Bean, Gram, Pea.

161
Q

The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinaceous layer called

A

aleurone layer

162
Q

The _________ is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm. (monocot seed)

A

Embryo

163
Q

The plumule is enclosed in a sheath called (monocot seed)

A

coleoptile

164
Q

The radicle is enclosed in a sheath called (monocot seed)

A

coleorrhiza

165
Q

what is a perisperm seed?

A

mostly nucellus is consumed after fertilisation due to absorption of food by endosperm and embryo. SOMETIMES, THE NUCELLUS REMAINS PERSISTENT IN THE SEED AND IS CALLED PERISPERM.

166
Q

example of perispermic seed

A

Piper nigrum (black pepper)

167
Q

⊕

A

Actinomorphic condition

BOTANY (4 decks)

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