MORPHOLOGY (90% from ROBBINS BLUE BOX) Flashcards
1
Q
more extreme heaping of epithelium with
RED, FRIABLE, GRANULAR (sometimes ulcerated) surface
A
Chronic Cystitis
2
Q
Aggregation of lymphocytes into lymphoid follicles within bladder mucosa and underlying wall
A
Chronic FOLLICULAR cystitis
3
Q
suppurative neutrophilic infiltration
hyperemic bladder with exudation
A
Acute Cystitis
4
Q
Acute Cystitis
A
suppurative neutrophilic infiltration
hyperemic bladder with exudation
5
Q
Chronic Cystitis
A
more extreme heaping of epithelium with
RED, FRIABLE, GRANULAR (sometimes ulcerated) surface
6
Q
Chronic FOLLICULAR cystitis
A
Aggregation of lymphocytes into lymphoid follicles within bladder mucosa and underlying wall
7
Q
infiltration with submucosal eosinophils (bladder)
usually as a manifestation from an allergic reaction
A
Chronic EOSINOPHILIC cystitis
8
Q
Chronic EOSINOPHILIC cystitis
A
infiltration with submucosal eosinophils (bladder)
usually as a manifestation from an allergic reaction
9
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
outpouring of a thin fluid (effusion) derived from plasma or from secretions of mesothelial cells
A
SEROUS INFLAMMATION
pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, skin blisters
10
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
bread and butter appearance
A
FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION
fibrinous pericarditis
11
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
fibrin is formed and deposited in extracellular space
A
FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION
12
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
with localized collection of inflammatory tissue consisting of neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis and edema
A
SUPPURATIVE INFLAMMATION
acute appendicitis, skin abscess
13
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
with local defect or excavation of the surface of and organ
it is produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
A
ULCERATIVE INFLAMMATION
peptic ulcer disease
14
Q
What biochemical disorder in HEME SYNTHESIS presents with skin blisters due to photosensitivity?
A
PORPHYRIA
15
Q
What biochemical disorder in DNA REPAIR presents with skin blisters due to photosensitivity?
A
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
16
Q
3 most common complications of peptic ulcer disease
A
bleeding
perforation
obstruction
17
Q
Which blood vessels will be injured with perforation of
gastric ulcer?
duodenal ulcer?
A
gastric ulcer: LEFT GASTRIC ARTERY
duodenal ulcer: GASTRODUODENAL ARTERY
18
Q
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
bacterial toxin induced damage of mucosal lining
SHAGGY MEMBRANE of necrotic tissue
A
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS INFLAMMATION
Pseudomembranous colitis
19
Q
PATHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCE OF
DEFECTIVE inflammation
A
increased SUSCEPTIBILITY to infections
delayed wound healing
20
Q
PATHOLOGIC CONSEQUENCE OF
EXCESSIVE inflammation
A
Autoimmune
Allergies
Alzheimer’s
21
Q
TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY
continuously dividing cells
proliferate throughout life
A
LABILE CELLS
skin, oral cavity, vagina and cervix
22
Q
TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY
quiescent tissues which normally have a low level of replication
A
STABLE CELLS
parenchymal cells of liver, kidneys and pancrease
23
Q
TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY
nondividing tissues
contain cells that have left the cell cycle and cannot undergo mitotic division
A
PERMANENT CELLS
neurons, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
24
Q
clearing and separation of the ECM
and subtle cell swelling
A
EDEMA
25
engorged alveolar capillaries with alveolar septal edema and focal intra-alveolar hemorrhage
ACUTE PULMONARY CONGESTION
26
thickened and fibrotic septa
| with hemosiderin laden macrophages
CHRONIC PULMONARY CONGESTION
27
ISCHEMIC centrilobular hepatocytes with periportal steatosis
ACUTE HEPATIC CONGESTION
28
HEMORRHAGIC centrilobular hepatocytes accentuated agains uncongested tan liver (NUTMEG LIVER)
CHRONIC HEPATIC CONGESTION
29
HYPEREMIA vs. CONGESTION:
it is an ACTIVE process in which arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow
HYPEREMIA
30
HYPEREMIA vs. CONGESTION
it is a PASSIVE process resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue
CONGESTION
(congested tissues take on a dusky reddish-blue color (cyanosis) due to red cell stasis and accumulation of DEoxygenated hemoglobin)
31
pale platelet and fibrin deposits alternating with darker red cell-rich layers
signifies thrombus formed in flowing blood (ANTEMORTEM THROMBOSIS)
LINES OF ZAHN
32
Thrombus with gelatinous with dark red dependent portion and yellow "chicken fat" upper portion
No lines of Zahn
NOT attached to the underlying wall
POSTMORTEM THROMBOSIS
33
Thrombi occuring in heart chambers or in the aortic lumen
MURAL THROMBOSIS
usually in the left atrium
setting: abnormal myocardial contraction or endomyocardial injury
34
thrombi usually beginning at sites of TURBULENCE
frequently occlusive
also with lines of zahn
ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS
35
ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS common sites
CORONARY (MOST common) > CEREBRAL > FEMORAL
36
thrombi usually beginning at sites of STASIS
invariably occlusive
more enmeshed RBCs and few platelets
VENOUS THROMBOSIS
37
VENOUS THROMBOSIS common sites
MOST COMMON: CALF VEINS
| lower extremity veins, such as in DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
38
Test for DVT
Homan Sign
A positive sign is present when there is pain in the calf on forceful and abrupt dorsiflexion of the patient's foot at the ankle while the knee is extended
39
non-tender, painless, small hemorrhagic macular/nodular lesions on the palms of soles
microabscess of the dermis
JANEWAY LESIONS
40
painful, red, raised lesions on the hands and feet due to immune complex deposition
OSLERS NODES
41
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers composed of coagulated fibrin caused by immune complex mediated vasculitis (observed in fundoscopy)
ROTH'S SPOTS
42
DVT that presents as a PALE, painful leg with a diminshed arterial pulse due to VASOSPASM
PHLEGMASIA ALBA DOLENS
43
DVT that presents a CYANOTIC, painful leg due to EXTENSIVE THROMBOTIC OCCLUSION
PHLEGMASIA CERULEA DOLENS
44
EMBOLISM:
fat globules impacted in pulmonary vessels,
usually in the setting of open long bone fractures
FAT EMBOLISM
presentation: pulmonary insufficiency, neurologic ssx, anemia, thrombocytopenia
45
BUZZ WORDS:
bends
chokes
Caisson disease
DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
46
wedge shaped with occluded vessel at apex and periphery of organ at base
dominant histologic characteristic: COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
area of ischemic necrosis
INFARCTION
47
INFARCTION:
occurs in:
1. venous occlusion
2. loose tissues where blood can collect
3. tissues with DUAL CIRCULATION (Lungs, Intestines)
4. tissues with previously congested by sluggish outflow
5. when flow is re-established to a site of previous arterial occlusion and necrosis
HEMORRHAGIC (RED) INFARCTION
48
INFARCTION:
occurs in solid organs with END-ARTERIAL circulation (Heart, Spleen, Kidneys)
tissue density limits the seepage of blood from adjoining capillary beds into the necrotic area
PALE (WHITE) INFARCTION
49
systemic HYPOTENSION due to either:
reduced cardiac output OR
reduced effective circulating blood volume
SHOCK
50
SHOCK:
failure of myocardial pump resulting from myocardial damage, extrinsic pressure or obstruction to outflow
```
examples:
MI
ventricular rupture
Arryhthymia
Cardiac Tamponade
```
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
51
SHOCK:
Inadequate blood or plasma volume
```
example:
hemorrhage
vomiting
diarrhea
burn
trauma
```
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
52
SHOCK:
peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood
endothelial activation/injury
leukocyte induced damage
example: Toxic Shock Syndrome
SEPTIC SHOCK
53
SHOCK:
Anesthetic accident or spinal cord injury with resultant loss of vascular tone and peripheral pooling of blood
NEUROGENIC SHOCK
54
SHOCK:
systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability by an IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
55
SHOCK:
cellular and tissue changes:
similar to hypoxic injury
56
SHOCK:
adrenals:
cortical cell lipid depletion
57
SHOCK:
renal:
acute tubular necrosis
58
SHOCK:
lungs:
normal or diffuse alveolar damage (shock lung)
59
GENETICS: TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS:
CAG
Huntington's Disease
CAG CAG CAG - sound made by the hunters gun
mnemonic: name of disease:middle letter of trinucleotide
X:Girlfriend's [fragile X:cGg]
First:Aid [Freidrich's ataxia: gAa]
Helped me: Ace [Huntington's: cAg]
My: Test [Myotonic dystrophy: cTg]
60
GENETICS: TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS:
CTG
myoTonic dystrophy
(cTg)
mnemonic: name of disease:middle letter of trinucleotide
X:Girlfriend's [fragile X:cGg]
First:Aid [Freidrich's ataxia: gAa]
Helped me: Ace [Huntington's: cAg]
My: Test [Myotonic dystrophy: cTg]
61
GENETICS: TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS:
CGG
fraGile X
(cGg)
mnemonic: name of disease:middle letter of trinucleotide
X:Girlfriend's [fragile X:cGg]
First:Aid [Freidrich's ataxia: gAa]
Helped me: Ace [Huntington's: cAg]
My: Test [Myotonic dystrophy: cTg]
62
GENETICS: TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEATS:
GAA
friedrich's Ataxia
(gAa)
mnemonic: name of disease:middle letter of trinucleotide
X:Girlfriend's [fragile X:cGg]
First:Aid [Freidrich's ataxia: gAa]
Helped me: Ace [Huntington's: cAg]
My: Test [Myotonic dystrophy: cTg]
63
GENETIC DISORDERS: MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
disorder of connective tissues
from inherited defect in an extracellular glycoprotein:
FIBRILLIN 1
MARFAN SYNDROME
64
MARFAN SYNDROME: Skeletal changes
tall with long extremities, fingers and toes
lax joint ligaments (hyperextensible thumb)
dolichocephalic (elongated skull)
frontal bossing
kyphoscoliosis
pectus excavatum or carinatum
65
MARFAN SYNDROME: Ocular Changes
ectopia lentis
| bilateral subluxation of dislocation - outward and upward- of the lens
66
MARFAN SYNDROME: Cardiovascular changes
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Cystic Medial Necrosis of ascending aorta
(CMN of ascending aorta predisposes to aortic dissection which is cause of death in 30 to 45% of patients with Marfan)
67
GENETIC DISORDERS: MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
result from defect in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN
most common defect is TYPE 3 COLLAGEN
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
68
GENETIC DISORDERS: MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
skin is extraordinarily stretchable, extremely fragile and vulnerable to trauma
EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROME
69
DIFFERENCE between MARFAN and EHLERS
MARFAN'S SYNDROME has
ocular symptoms: ECTOPIA LENTIS and
cardiovascular changes: MVP and AORTIC DISSECTION
70
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
Lysosome filled with gangliosides (whorled configuration)
Hexosaminidase Alpha Subunit Deficiency
neurons ballooned with cytoplasmic vacuoles
Cherry red spot in macula
CNS and RETINAL involvement
MOTOR and Mental deterioration
TAY-SACHS
71
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
```
Zebra bodies
Cherry red spot in macula
lipid laden phagocytic foam cells
shrunken gyri, widened sulci
vacuolation of neurons
```
NEIMANN-PICK DISEASE
72
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS:
MOST COMMON lysosomal storage disorder
distended phagocytic cells with CRUMPLED TISSUE PAPER appearance
mutations in the gene encoding for
GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE
Gaucher Disease
GAUCHER CELLS - distended phagocytic cells with CRUMPLED TISSUE PAPER appearance
73
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS:
deificiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of mucopolysaccharides (GAGs)
MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
74
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 1
HURLER
Enzyme: alpha - L - iduronidase
Urinary Metabolites: Heparan Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Corneal Clouding, Musculoskeletal, CNS and CV abnormalities
75
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 2
HUNTER
Enzyme: Iduronosulfate sulfatase
Urinary Metabolites: Heparan Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Musculoskeletal and CNS abnormalities
76
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 3
Sanfilippo
Enzyme: 4 variants including heparan N-sulfatase (sulfamidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase)
Urinary Metabolites: Heparan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Musculoskeletal and CNS abnormalities
77
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 4
Morquio
Enzyme: N-acetylglucosamine - 6 - sulfatase
Urinary Metabolites: Keratan Sulfate, Chondroitin 6 - sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Corneal Clouding, Musculoskeletal and CV abnormalities
78
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 5
Scheie
Enzyme: Alpha - L - Iduronidase
Urinary Metabolites:Heparan Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Corneal Clouding, Musculoskeletal and CV abnormalities
79
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 6
Maroteaux Lamy
Enzyme: N-acetylglucosamine - 4 - sulfatase
Urinary Metabolites: Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Corneal Clouding, Musculoskeletal and CV abnormalities
80
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS: MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES
TYPE 7
SLY
Enzyme: Beta Glucoronidase
Urinary Metabolites: Heparan Sulfate, Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms: Musculoskeletal and CV abnormalities;
Corneal Clouding and CNS Abnormalities (+/-)
81
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 1
Von Gierke
Enzyme: Glucose - 6 Phosphatase
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Severe Hypoglycemia
82
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 2
Pompe
Enzyme: Alpha 1,4 Glucosidase
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Cardiomegaly
Muscle Wakness
Death by 2 years
83
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 3
Cori
Enzyme: Glycogen Debranching enzyme
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Mild hypoglycemia
Liver Enlargement
84
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 4
Andersen (Amylopectinosis)
Enzyme: Branching enzyme
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Infantile hypotonia
Cirrhosis
Death by 2 years
85
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 5
McArdle
Enzyme: Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Muscle cramps and weakness on exercise
86
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 6
Hers Disease
Enzyme: Hepatic Glycogen
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Hyopglycemia
Cirrhosis
87
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
TYPE 7:
-
Enzyme: Muscle Phosphofructokinase
Cardinal Clinical Features:
Muscle Cramps
88
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE
TYPE 8:
-
Enzyme: Hepatic Phosphorylase Kinase
Cardinal Clinical Features:
No neuromuscular symptoms, hypoglycemia
89
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
intracytoplasmic glycogen accumulation in LIVER and KIDNEYS
VON GIERKE (hepatic type)
90
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
intracytoplasmic glycogen accumulation in MUSCLE only
McArdle's (Myopathic type)
91
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE:
intracytoplasmic glycogen accumulation in HEART, LIVER and MUSCLE
Pompe's (MIscellaneous type)
92
autosomal recessive disorder
first human inborn error of metabolism
lack of homegentisic oxidase
with blue black pigmentation evident in the ears, nose and cheeks (cartilage is brittle and
black urine when allowed to stand
Alkaptonuria
*ochronosis - blue black pigmentation evident in the ears, nose and cheeks
93
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
Trisomy 21
Downs Syndrome
94
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome
95
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
Trisomy 18
Edwards Syndrome
96
CHROMOSOMAL DISORDER
3 Ps of Patau
Patau Syndrome
Polydactyly
Cleft Palate
Holoprosencephaly
97
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION:
the principal morphologic manifestation of immune complex injury
ACUTE NECROTIZING VASCULITIS
with necrosis of the vessel wall and intense neutrophilic infiltration
98
smudgy eosinophilic deposit that obscures the underlying cellular detail
FIBRINOID NECROSIS
- produced from immune complexes, complement and plasma protein from acute necrotizing vasculitis
99
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
when allergens bind to IgE on surface of mast cells with the consequent release of several mediators
Type 1
| Anaphylactic
100
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
when ANTIBODIES directed at ANTIGENS of the cell MEMBRANES and activates a COMPLEMENT
which in turn activates a MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
Type 2
| Cytotoxic
101
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
causative agent of Herpes labialis
Herpes Simplex Virus 1
102
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
presents as vesicles and ulceration throught the oral cavity, especially in the gingiva
HERPES LABIALIS
*ACUTE HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS - vesicles and ulceration throught the oral cavity, especially in the gingiva
103
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
* acantholysis (intra and intercellular edema)
* eosinophilic intranuclear viral inclusions
* multinucleate polykaryons (fused intranuclear viral inclusions)
* acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
HERPES LABIALIS
104
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
solitary or multiple white patches or plaques, often with sharply demarcated borders
may be slightly thickened and smooth or wrinkled and fissured, or they may appear as raised, sometimes corrugated, verrucous plaques
spectrum of epithelial changes:
1. hyperkeratosis overlying a thickened acanthotic but orderly mucosal epithelium
2. marked dysplastic changes
LEUKOPLAKIA
** all leukoplakias must be considered precancerous
105
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
red velvety, possibly eroded area within the oral cavity
superficial erosions with dysplasia, carcinoma in sity or carcinoma in surrounding margins
intense subepithelial inflammatory reaction with vascular dilation which likely contributes to the reddish clinical appearance.
ERYTHROPLAKIA
106
HEAD AND NECK: ORAL CAVITY
Diagnostic test for Herpes Labialis
Tzanck Test/ Tzanck Smear
107
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Fiery red tongue with prominent papillae (raspberry tongue); white-coated tongue through which hyperemic papillae project (strawberry tongue)
Scarlet fever
108
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Spotty enanthema in the oral cavity often precedes the skin rash; ulcerations on the buccal mucosa about Stensen duct produce Koplik spots
Measles
109
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis that may cause coating with a gray-white exudative membrane; enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, palatal petechiae
Infectious mononucleosis
110
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Characteristic dirty white, fibrinosuppurative, tough, inflammatory membrane over the tonsils and retropharynx
Diphtheria
111
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Predisposition to opportunistic oral infections, particularly herpesvirus, Candida, and other fungi; oral lesions of Kaposi sarcoma and hairy leukoplakia
HIV
112
Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Autosomal dominant disorder with multiple congenital aneurysmal telangiectasias beneath mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity and lips
Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome
113
```
may arise anywhere in the oral cavity, but the favored locations are:
the ventral surface of the tongue
floor of the mouth
lower lip
soft palate
gingiva
```
begin as dysplastic lesions, which may or may not progress to full-thickness dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) before invading the underlying connective tissue stroma
may be superimposed on a background of apparent leukoplakia or erythroplakia
Squamous cell carcinoma
114
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA is associated with what viral infection
EBV
115
HEAD AND NECK: UPPER AIRWAY
edematous mucosa having a loose stroma
NASAL POLYPS
116
A variant of this condition is composed of large epithelial cells with oval or round vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and indistinct cell borders disposed in a syncytium-like array
Admixed with the epithelial cells are abundant, mature, normal-appearing lymphocytes, which are predominantly T cells.
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA, SCHMINKE TUMOR
**SCHMINKE TUMOR = poorly differentiated variant of NPC
117
HEAD and NECK: UPPER AIRWAYS
loose myxoid connective tissue
may be variably fibrotic or punctuated by numerous vascular channels
VOCAL CORD NODULES
118
HEAD and NECK: UPPER AIRWAYS
pearly gray, wrinkled plaques on the mucosal surface, ultimately ulcerating and fungating
with atypical lining
LARYNGEAL CARCINOMA
119
HEAD and NECK: NECK
remnants of the second brachial arch
benign cysts usually appear on the upper lateral aspect of the neck along the SCM
BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST
120
HEAD AND NECK: NECK
cyst from the persistence of remnants of thyroid anlagen developmental tract
THYOGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
121
HEAD AND NECK: NECK
chiefly composed of nests (Zellballen) of round to oval chief cells (neuroectodermal in origin) that are surrounded by delicate vascular septae
PARAGANGLIOMA
122
HEAD AND NECK: NECK
exceeds 6 cm in diameter and arises close to or envelops the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
protoype of a PARASYMPTHETIC PARAGANGLIOMA
CAROTID BODY TUMOR
123
HEAD AND NECK: NECK
clusters of NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS associated with the ANS and therefore can be seen throughout the various regions of the body
usual location is Adrenal Medulla
PARAGANGLIOMA
124
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
most common lesion of the salivary glands
MUCOCOELE
125
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
results from either blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct, with consequent leakage of saliva into the surrounding connective tissue stroma
MUCOCOELE
126
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
present as fluctuant swellings of the lower lip and have a blue translucent hue to them
MUCOCOELE
127
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
demonstrate a cystlike space that is lined by inflammatory granulation tissue or by fibrous connective tissue. The cystic spaces are filled with mucin as well as inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages
MUCOCOELE
128
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
Sialolithiasis is associated with which bacterial agents (2)
Staph aurues
| Strep viridans
129
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
Sialolithiasis often involves which major salivary gland
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
130
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
benign tumors that consists of a MIXTURE of DUCTAL and MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
most common PAROTID tumor
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
131
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
aka PAPILLARY CYSTADENOMA LYMPHOMATOSUM
second most common salivary gland neoplasm
with EPITHELIAL and LYMPHOID elements
FOLLICULAR GERM CENTERS
CYSTIC SPACES
WARTHIN TUMOR
132
HEAD AND NECK: SALIVARY GLANDS
cords, sheets or cystic configurations of squamous, mucous or intermediate cells
MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
133
SKIN
undulation of dermal papillae
hyperkeratosis and basal cell hyperpigmentation
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
134
SKIN
second most common tumor from sun exposed sites
keratin pearls
cells with enlarged and hyperchromtic nuclei in ALL levels of the epidermis
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
135
SKIN
MOST COMMON invasive cancer in humans
multifocal growths
nodal lesions
PALISADING pattern
BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
136
SKIN
mast cell degranulation
wheals
angioedema
URTICARIA
137
SKIN
red papulovesicular oozing and crusting lesions
scaling plaques due to reactive acanthosis and hyperkeratosis
ACUTE ECXEMATOUS DERMATITIS
138
SKIN
red macule or papule with a pale, vesicular or eroded center
TARGET CELLS seen in ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
spectrum:
erythema multiforme
SJS
TEN
139
SKIN
```
may be induced by Koebner phenomenon
test tubes in a rack appearance
spongiform pustules of Kagoj
Munro Microabscesses
salmon colored plaques with silvery white scales
```
PSORIASIS
140
SKIN
blistering disorder
INTRAdermal lesion (dissolution of intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium)
acantholysis
POSITIVE Nikolsky sign
PEMPHIGUS
141
SKIN
blistering disorder
SUBdermal lesion
NONacantholytic
NEGATIVE Nikolsky sign
BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID
142
SKIN
blistering disorder
occurs in association with CELIAC DISEASE
microabscesses at the tips of dermal papillae
granular deposits of IgA at the tips of the dermal papillae
DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
143
arrangements of a single layer of tumor cells around an apparent lumen
most common primary intra-ocular malignancy of children
RETINOBLASTOMA
Flexner-Witnersteiner rosettes - single layer of tumor cells around an apparent lumen
144
BREASTS:
localized area of acute inflammation that may progress to the formation of single or multiple abscess
MOST COMMON CAUSE: ?
ACUTE MASTITIS: Staphylococcus aures
145
BREASTS
ill-defined firm gray-white nodules containing small CHALKY WHITE FOCI or dark hemorrhagic debris
painless palpable mass
with history of trauma or prior surgery
FAT NECROSIS
146
BREASTS
well-circumscribed rubbery grayish white nodules
large lobulated (POPCORN) calcifications
most common breast mass/benign tumor in women <35
FIBROADENOMA
147
BREASTS:
bulky tumor derived from stromal cells
lobulated tumor with cystic spaces containing LEAF LIKE EXTENSIONS
PHYLLODES TUMOR
148
BREASTS: DCIS types
pleomorphic cells with high grade hyperchromatic nuclei
COMEDOCARCINOMA
149
BREASTS: DCIS types
monomorphic cells with nuclear grades ranging from low to high
NONCOMEDO DCIS
150
BREASTS:
dyscohesive cells with oval or round nuclei and small nucleoli
lacks adhesion protein: E-CADHERIN
LOBULAR CARCINOMA
151
BREASTS
small central pinpoint foci or streaks of CHALKY WHITE ELASTOTIC STROMA
characteristic GRATING SOUND
most common type of breast cancer
INVASIVE DUCTAL CA
152
BREASTS
dyscohesive infiltrating tumor cells arranged in single file or in loose cluster sheets
(SIGNET RING cells arranged in INDIAN FILE pattern)
most common cause of bilateral breast cancer
INVASIVE LOBULAR CA
153
BREASTS
fleshy mass with syncytium like sheets of large cells with vesicular, pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli
MEDULLARY CA of the breast
154
BREASTS
same consistency and appearance of PALE GRAY BLUE GELATIN
MUCINOUS CARCINOMA
155
BREASTS
well formed angulated tubules lined by a single layer of cells with small uniform nuclei
TUBULAR CARCINOMA
156
BREASTS
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breast swelling an skin thickening
Peau d'orange
high degree of aneuploidy
tumor emboli in dermal lymphatics
persistent E-CADHERIN expression
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WORST PROGNOSIS
INFLAMMATORY BREAST CA
