Morphogenesis Flashcards
What happens during morphogenesis? (2)
o During Morphogenesis cells differentiate.
o Cell differentiation results in cells that are specialized in shape and form.
What are fate maps? (2)
o To understand cell differentiation scientists study fate maps.
o Fate maps are diagrams that show successive divisions to trace the origins of a particular tissue.
For example, fate mapping reveals where cells in the _____ end up in the ____.
blastula
gastrula
What happens during cell differentiation?
o During cell differentiation a cell or a group of cells become committed to a particular developmental fate.
What are cytoplasmic determinants?
o The cytoplasmic determinants that the cells inherit are important in cell fate specification.
o The roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been an important model species for cell differentiation studies.
o Biologist use a __ to mark cells during cleavage and track their developmental fate (e.g. in unicate)
dye
o Complexes of ___ and _____ regulate the fate of cells e.g. germ cell’s fate in the roundworm.
o These cytoplasmic determinants are called __ granules.
o P granules are present in both the ____ and adult gonads of this organism.
RNA
proteins
P
larvae
Why are cytoplasmic determinants important?
o Cytoplasmic determinants are important in the cell fate determination of many organisms including humans.
o In addition, Cilia is also important in specifying cell fate in human embryos.
o Humans have two types of cilia;
o Monocilia – present on the surface of all cells.
o Motile cilia -restricted to cells that propel fluids e.g. epithelial cells of the airway.
What do monocilia act as?
Monocilia act as antennae on the cell surface and receives signals from multiple signaling proteins.
What do motile cilia generate?
Motile cilia generates a leftward fluid flow breaking symmetry between left and right sides.
What happens without motile cilia and monocilia?
Without this, individuals develop Kartagener syndrome (situs inversus).
What is situs inversus?
Situs inversus is the reversal of the normal left–right asymmetry of the organs in the chest and abdomen.
