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MBBCh 1- APES1001A > Histology: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of connective tissue? (11)

A
  • Found throughout the body
  • Provides elasticity, structure, protection & transport
  • Support and connect different tissue types
  • organs, blood vessels, links epithelial tissues to underlying tissue types
  • Support softer organs of the body
  • Connect parts of the body
  • Store fat
  • Produce blood cells
  • Transport gasses, nutrients and waste products
  • Protect (including immune defense)
  • Contain cells embedded in nonliving extracellular matrix
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2
Q

What is the structure of the matrix?

A

Web of fibres embedded in a liquid (jelly-like or solid foundation) Fibroblasts present – secrete fibre
proteins and create fibres—> give tissue structure and mechanical properties: Dense thick Collagen, Thin Reticular Fibres, Elastin stretchy and playable.

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3
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

Liquid, intermediary substance where dissolved particles(electrolytes ) float in
Macrophages – engulf foreign particles and cell debris (phagocytosis).

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4
Q

Two main types with subtypes with characteristics varying greatly
❑ Connective tissue proper: (2)

A
  • Loose connective

* Dense/ dense fibrous

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5
Q

Two main types with subtypes with characteristics varying greatly
❑ Specialised (4)

A
  • Adipose
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
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6
Q

What are collagen fibres? (2)

A
  • Collagen fibres are the strongest and most abundant of all the connective tissue fibres.
  • Collagen fibres are fibrous proteins and are secreted into the extracellular space and they provide high tensile strength to the matrix.
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7
Q

What are the elastic fibres?

A

Elastic fibres are long, thin fibres that form a branching network in the extracellular matrix. They help the connective tissue to stretch and recoil.

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8
Q

What are reticular fibres?

A

Reticular fibres are short, fine collagenous fibres that can branch extensively to form a delicate network

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9
Q

What is loose connective tissue? (3)

A
  • Most abundant
  • Amorphous matrix
  • Has fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells (secrete histamines and heparin and are involved in allergic response)
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10
Q

What is the function of the loose connective tissue? (3)

A
  • Binds epithelia to underlying tissues
  • Holds organs in place
  • Loose weave of fibres (all three types)
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11
Q

Different cells of loose ct- function (3)

A
  • fibroblasts
  • mast cells
  • macrophages
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12
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Can migrate toward wounded tissue, and produce fibers (secretes collagen & elastin proteins; requires vitamin C), to effectively seal off the injured area.

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13
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Secrete histamine & heparin; are involved in the allergic response.

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14
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Engulf bacteria or other foreign particles.

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15
Q

What is fibrous connective tissue?

A

-short bands / bundles of dense collagenous fibres

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16
Q

What are the types of fibrous connective tissue? (2)

A
  • ligaments (connect bones at joints)

* tendons (attach muscles to bones)

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17
Q

Specialised matrix for particular functions 4 types:

A

1) Cartilage -rubbery matrix
2) Bone - solid matrix
3) Adipose - hardly any matrix
4) Blood-fluid matrix

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18
Q

Matrix =

A

collagen (area around cells)

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19
Q

What are the features of the matrix?

A
  • Firm, strong and flexible
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20
Q

Chondroitin sulfate: (2)

A
  • Rubbery

- Living chondrocytes in lacunae

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21
Q

What are lacunae? (2)

A
  • Lacunae: Nests for chondrocytes

- Secrete collagen and chondroitin sulphate

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22
Q

Where is the collage in the matrix found?

A

-Location: between bones, discs that act as cushions between vertebrae, larynx, trachea

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23
Q

What are the chondrocytes?

A
  • Chondrocytes - Cells

- Nutrients exchanged through diffusion

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24
Q

What are the functions of cartilage? (4)

A
  • Maintains shape
  • Resists compression
  • Cushions and reduces friction
  • Flexible shock absorber
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25
Q

Transitional tissue from which bone develops….

A

maintains the shape of certain body parts (nose, ears), cushions vertebrae (vertebral disks), lines joint cavities

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26
Q

Does cartilage lack bloody supply?

A

• Lacks lymphatic or blood supply and the movement of waste and nutrition is chiefly
via diffusion to and from adjacent tissues.

27
Q

What are the lacunae arranged in?

A

The lacunae are arranged in nests.

28
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage is white and semi-transparent and helps in providing protection and cushioning. It does not contain any blood vessels. Ossifies to the bone in the foetus.

29
Q

How do chondrocytes acquire nutrition?

A

Chondrocytes acquire their nutrition through the diffusion of tissue fluids from blood vessels through the solid matrix.

30
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces.

31
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to its original shape.

32
Q

What is the function of fibrous cartilage?

A

Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement

33
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone is a mineralised connective tissue

• Stronger than cartilage but not as flexible

34
Q

Endochondral ossification:

A

Forms within and replaces cartilage

35
Q

What are osteoblasts? (2)

A
  • (bone-forming cells) deposit matrix of collagen.

* Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix

36
Q

What are the functions of bone? (3)

A
  • protection
  • support for muscle attachment & movement
  • forms the skeleton
37
Q

What is adipose tissue? (2)

A
  • Few fibres, no ground substance

* Adipocytes contain fat deposits

38
Q

What is the location of adipose tissue? (2)

A
  1. under skin

2. surrounding organs

39
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue? (4)

A
  • insulation
  • energy storage
  • cushioning
  • Fat cells; functions in insulation, protection, and energy storage
40
Q

What is adipose tissue described as?

A

Adipose tissue is described as loose connective tissue because of the matrix and way cells are arranged but it is considered and classified under one of the 4 specialised connective tissue types

41
Q

What are adipocytes?

A
  • Adipocytes (adipose tissue cells) are filled with lipid (fat) droplets surrounded by a thin layer of
    cytoplasm.
42
Q

The different cells (varying in shape and function) of the loose connective tissue contain _____ _____.

A

cytoplasmic matrix

43
Q

What is the function of loose/Areolar connective tissue?

A
  • Loose/Areolar connective tissue holds the organs in place and also attaches epithelial to underlying
    tissues.
44
Q

What are the components of the fluid matrix (liquid extracellular matrix)? (5)

A 
plasma
water
salts
dissolved proteins 
Blood cells:
45
Q

What do erythrocytes do?

A

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

46
Q

What do leukocytes do? (2)

A
  • Fighting diseases

- Preventing infection and getting rid of foreign matter

47
Q

Platelets (__________ = fragments) —-> Blood clotting

A

thrombocytes

48
Q

True or False,

Blood in vertebrates is connective tissue.

A

True, blood in vertebrates is a connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

49
Q

• The cellular elements occupy about ___% of the volume of blood

A

45%

50
Q

• The plasmatic elements occupy about __% of the volume of blood

A

55%

51
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Plasma contains inorganic salts as dissolved ions, sometimes called electrolytes

52
Q

What is do plasma proteins? (5)

A
  • influence blood pH
  • help maintain osmotic balance
  • lipid transport
  • immunity
  • blood clotting
53
Q

• Particular plasma proteins function in ____ transport, ______ , and ____ clotting.

A

lipid
immunity
blood

54
Q

Cellular elements

• Suspended in blood plasma: (3)

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport O2
  • White blood cells (leukocytes) function in defence
  • Platelets - cells that are involved in clotting
55
Q

What do erythrocytes contain?

A
  • Contain haemoglobin (the iron-containing protein that transports oxygen)
56
Q

How does oxygen diffuse into the lung?

A

-Oxygen from the lungs diffuses into erythrocytes and 4 molecules of oxygen bond with each haemoglobin molecule and oxygen is then released into tissue cells

57
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A
  • Specialized cells that circulate through the body and deliver oxygen to tissues.
58
Q

How does the shape of erythrocytes help it achieve its function? (4)

A
  • Small and biconcave (thinnest in the centre) and do not contain mitochondria or a nucleus when mature.
  • These characteristics allow red blood cells to effectively perform their task of oxygen transport.
  • Small size and biconcave shape increase the surface area-to-volume ratio, improving gas exchange, while the lack of a nucleus makes additional space for haemoglobin, a key protein used in oxygen transport.
  • Lack of mitochondria keeps red blood cells from using any of the oxygen they’re carrying, maximizing
    the amount delivered to tissues of the body.
59
Q

What is sickle cell disease? (4)

A
  • In sickle cell disease, a single gene mutation alters the shape of haemoglobin and they lock together into rigid rows causing deformation of red blood call shape
  • These sickle-shaped red blood cells are harder and stickier and no longer flows smoothly through the blood vessels
  • These cells can often pile up & block a vessel completely
  • This keeps oxygen from reaching the places need be causing a variety of complications
60
Q

Small changes at the cellular level can cause a _____ of complex differences and issues.

A

cascade

61
Q

What does sickle cell affect?

A
  • Sickle cell affects the red blood cells; haemoglobin floats freely & independently in the biconcave disc shape —> ordinary red blood cells
62
Q
  • This keeps oxygen from reaching the places need be causing a variety of
    complications: (5)
A

> pain in organs that are starved of oxygen (blood vessel position determines the position of the pain in
the organ/tissue)
blockage in spleen—> weakened immune system
blockage in the lungs—>fever & difficulty breathing
blockage near eyes—>vision problems & retina, detachment
blockage in the brain—>stroke

63
Q

Do sickle blood cells live for?

A
  • Sickle blood cells also do not live for long—> patients will live with a constantly depleted red blood cell concentration—> sickle cell anaemia
64
Q

True or false

Sickle cells were originally the result of a favourable evolutionary event

A

True,
—> Sickle cells would not allow for malaria to be spread as the sickle cells would not allow incubation & spread —> Malaria Resistance
- Unfortunately inheriting the sickle cell gene from both parents created an environment for sickle cell anaemia—> the adverse effect over time

MBBCh 1- APES1001A (38 decks)

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